Python文档内容¶
- Python 有什么新变化？
- Python 3.6 有什么新变化A
- 摘要 - 发布重点
- 新的特性
- PEP 498: Formatted string literals
- PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations
- PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals
- PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators
- PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions
- PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation
- PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements
- PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol
- PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation
- PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8
- PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8
- PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order
- PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order
- New
dictimplementation - PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython
- PYTHONMALLOC environment variable
- DTrace and SystemTap probing support
- 其他语言特性修改
- 新增模块
- 改进的模块
- array
- ast
- asyncio
- binascii
- cmath
- collections
- concurrent.futures
- contextlib
- datetime
- decimal
- distutils
- encodings
- enum
- faulthandler
- fileinput
- hashlib
- http.client
- idlelib 与 IDLE
- importlib
- inspect
- json
- logging
- math
- multiprocessing
- os
- pathlib
- pdb
- pickle
- pickletools
- pydoc
- random
- re
- readline
- rlcompleter
- shlex
- site
- sqlite3
- socket
- socketserver
- ssl
- statistics
- struct
- subprocess
- sys
- telnetlib
- time
- timeit
- tkinter
- traceback
- tracemalloc
- typing
- unicodedata
- unittest.mock
- urllib.request
- urllib.robotparser
- venv
- warnings
- winreg
- winsound
- xmlrpc.client
- zipfile
- zlib
- 性能优化
- Build and C API Changes
- 其他改进
- 弃用
- 移除
- 移植到Python 3.6
- Python 3.6.2 中的重要变化
- Python 3.6.4 中的重要变化
- Python 3.6.5 中的重要变化
- Python 3.6.7 中的重要变化
- Python 3.5 有什么新变化
- 摘要 - 发布重点
- 新的特性
- PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax
- PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication
- PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations
- PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray
- PEP 484 - Type Hints
- PEP 471 - os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator
- PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR
- PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators
- PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality
- PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments
- PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files
- PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization
- 其他语言特性修改
- 新增模块
- 改进的模块
- argparse
- asyncio
- bz2
- cgi
- cmath
- code
- collections
- collections.abc
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- configparser
- contextlib
- csv
- curses
- dbm
- difflib
- distutils
- doctest
- enum
- faulthandler
- functools
- glob
- gzip
- heapq
- http
- http.client
- idlelib 与 IDLE
- imaplib
- imghdr
- importlib
- inspect
- io
- ipaddress
- json
- linecache
- locale
- logging
- lzma
- math
- multiprocessing
- operator
- os
- pathlib
- pickle
- poplib
- re
- readline
- selectors
- shutil
- signal
- smtpd
- smtplib
- sndhdr
- socket
- ssl
- sqlite3
- subprocess
- sys
- sysconfig
- tarfile
- threading
- time
- timeit
- tkinter
- traceback
- types
- unicodedata
- unittest
- unittest.mock
- urllib
- wsgiref
- xmlrpc
- xml.sax
- zipfile
- Other module-level changes
- 性能优化
- Build and C API Changes
- 弃用
- 移除
- Porting to Python 3.5
- Notable changes in Python 3.5.4
- What’s New In Python 3.4
- 摘要 - 发布重点
- 新的特性
- 新增模块
- 改进的模块
- abc
- aifc
- argparse
- audioop
- base64
- collections
- colorsys
- contextlib
- dbm
- dis
- doctest
- filecmp
- functools
- gc
- glob
- hashlib
- hmac
- html
- http
- idlelib 与 IDLE
- importlib
- inspect
- ipaddress
- logging
- marshal
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- operator
- os
- pdb
- pickle
- plistlib
- poplib
- pprint
- pty
- pydoc
- re
- resource
- select
- shelve
- shutil
- smtpd
- smtplib
- socket
- sqlite3
- ssl
- stat
- struct
- subprocess
- sunau
- sys
- tarfile
- textwrap
- threading
- traceback
- types
- urllib
- unittest
- venv
- wave
- weakref
- xml.etree
- zipfile
- CPython Implementation Changes
- 弃用
- 移除
- Porting to Python 3.4
- Changed in 3.4.3
- What’s New In Python 3.3
- 摘要 - 发布重点
- PEP 405: Virtual Environments
- PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages
- PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation
- PEP 393: Flexible String Representation
- PEP 397: Python Launcher for Windows
- PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy
- PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator
- PEP 409: Suppressing exception context
- PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals
- PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions
- PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary
- PEP 362: Function Signature Object
- PEP 421: Adding sys.implementation
- Using importlib as the Implementation of Import
- 其他语言特性修改
- A Finer-Grained Import Lock
- Builtin functions and types
- 新增模块
- 改进的模块
- abc
- array
- base64
- binascii
- bz2
- codecs
- collections
- contextlib
- crypt
- curses
- datetime
- decimal
- ftplib
- functools
- gc
- hmac
- http
- html
- imaplib
- inspect
- io
- itertools
- logging
- math
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- nntplib
- os
- pdb
- pickle
- pydoc
- re
- sched
- select
- shlex
- shutil
- signal
- smtpd
- smtplib
- socket
- socketserver
- sqlite3
- ssl
- stat
- struct
- subprocess
- sys
- tarfile
- tempfile
- textwrap
- threading
- time
- types
- unittest
- urllib
- webbrowser
- xml.etree.ElementTree
- zlib
- 性能优化
- Build and C API Changes
- 弃用
- Porting to Python 3.3
- What’s New In Python 3.2
- PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI
- PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module
- PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging
- PEP 3148: The
concurrent.futuresmodule - PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories
- PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files
- PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1
- 其他语言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- elementtree
- functools
- itertools
- collections
- threading
- datetime and time
- math
- abc
- io
- reprlib
- logging
- csv
- contextlib
- decimal and fractions
- ftp
- popen
- select
- gzip and zipfile
- tarfile
- hashlib
- ast
- os
- shutil
- sqlite3
- html
- socket
- ssl
- nntp
- certificates
- imaplib
- http.client
- unittest
- random
- poplib
- asyncore
- tempfile
- inspect
- pydoc
- dis
- dbm
- ctypes
- site
- sysconfig
- pdb
- configparser
- urllib.parse
- mailbox
- turtledemo
- 多线程
- 性能优化
- Unicode
- Codecs
- 文档
- IDLE
- Code Repository
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 3.2
- What’s New In Python 3.1
- What’s New In Python 3.0
- What’s New in Python 2.7
- The Future for Python 2.x
- Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings
- Python 3.1 Features
- PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections
- PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
- PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines
- PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging
- PEP 3106: Dictionary Views
- PEP 3137: The memoryview Object
- 其他语言特性修改
- New and Improved Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.7
- New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases
- Two new environment variables for debug mode
- PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches
- PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7
- PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7
- PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients
- PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7
- New
make regen-allbuild target - Removal of
make touchbuild target
- Acknowledgements
- Python 2.6 有什么新变化
- Python 3.0
- Changes to the Development Process
- PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
- PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
- PEP 370: Per-user
site-packagesDirectory - PEP 371: The
multiprocessingPackage - PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
- PEP 3105:
printAs a Function - PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
- PEP 3112: Byte Literals
- PEP 3116: New I/O Library
- PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol
- PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
- PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
- PEP 3129: Class Decorators
- PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
- 其他语言特性修改
- New and Improved Modules
- Deprecations and Removals
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.6
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.5
- PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
- PEP 309: Partial Function Application
- PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
- PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
- PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
- PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
- PEP 342: New Generator Features
- PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
- PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
- PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
- PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method
- 其他语言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Removed Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.5
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.4
- PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 289: Generator Expressions
- PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
- PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
- PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
- PEP 324: New subprocess Module
- PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
- PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
- PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
- 其他语言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.4
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.3
- PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 263: Source Code Encodings
- PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives
- PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
- PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
- PEP 279: enumerate()
- PEP 282: The logging Package
- PEP 285: A Boolean Type
- PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
- PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
- PEP 302: New Import Hooks
- PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
- PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
- Extended Slices
- 其他语言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.3
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.2
- 概述
- PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes
- PEP 234: Iterators
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator
- Unicode Changes
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- New and Improved Modules
- Interpreter Changes and Fixes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.1
- 概述
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- PEP 236: __future__ Directives
- PEP 207: Rich Comparisons
- PEP 230: Warning Framework
- PEP 229: New Build System
- PEP 205: Weak References
- PEP 232: Function Attributes
- PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms
- PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook
- PEP 208: New Coercion Model
- PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages
- New and Improved Modules
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.0
- 概述
- What About Python 1.6?
- New Development Process
- Unicode
- 列表推导式
- Augmented Assignment
- 字符串的方法
- Garbage Collection of Cycles
- Other Core Changes
- Porting to 2.0
- Extending/Embedding Changes
- Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install
- XML Modules
- Module changes
- New modules
- IDLE Improvements
- Deleted and Deprecated Modules
- Acknowledgements
- 更新日志
- Python 下一版
- Python 3.6.8 final
- Python 3.6.8 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.7 final
- Python 3.6.7 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.7 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.6 final
- Python 3.6.6 RC 1
- Python 3.6.5 final
- Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.4 final
- Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.3 final
- Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.2 final
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.1 final
- Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 final
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 beta 4
- Python 3.6.0 beta 3
- Python 3.6.0 beta 2
- Python 3.6.0 beta 1
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.5.3 final
- Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.2 final
- Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.1 final
- Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 final
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 beta 4
- Python 3.5.0 beta 3
- Python 3.5.0 beta 2
- Python 3.5.0 beta 1
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.6 有什么新变化A
- Python 教程
- 安装和使用 Python
- Python 语言参考
- 1. 概述
- 2. 词法分析
- 3. 数据模型
- 4. 执行模型
- 5. 导入系统
- 6. 表达式
- 7. 简单语句
- 7.1. 表达式语句
- 7.2. 赋值语句
- 7.3. The
assertstatement - 7.4. The
passstatement - 7.5. The
delstatement - 7.6. The
returnstatement - 7.7. The
yieldstatement - 7.8. The
raisestatement - 7.9. The
breakstatement - 7.10. The
continuestatement - 7.11. The
importstatement - 7.12. The
globalstatement - 7.13. The
nonlocalstatement
- 8. 复合语句
- 9. 最高层级组件
- 10. 完整的语法规范
- Python 标准库
- 1. 概述
- 2. 内置函数
- 3. 内置常量
- 4. 内置类型
- 4.1. 逻辑值检测
- 4.2. Boolean Operations —
and,or,not - 4.3. 比较
- 4.4. 数字类型 —
int,float,complex - 4.5. 迭代器类型
- 4.6. 序列类型 —
list,tuple,range - 4.7. 文本序列类型 —
str - 4.8. 二进制序列类型 —
bytes,bytearray,memoryview - 4.9. 集合类型 —
set,frozenset - 4.10. 映射类型 —
dict - 4.11. Context Manager Types
- 4.12. Other Built-in Types
- 4.13. 特殊属性
- 5. 内置异常
- 6. 文本处理服务
- 7. 二进制数据服务
- 7.1.
struct— Interpret bytes as packed binary data - 7.2.
codecs— Codec registry and base classes- 7.2.1. Codec Base Classes
- 7.2.2. Encodings and Unicode
- 7.2.3. 标准编码
- 7.2.4. Python Specific Encodings
- 7.2.5.
encodings.idna— 应用程序中的国际化域名 - 7.2.6.
encodings.mbcs— Windows ANSI代码页 - 7.2.7.
encodings.utf_8_sig— 带BOM签名的UTF-8编解码器
- 7.1.
- 8. 数据类型
- 8.1.
datetime— 基础日期/时间数据类型 - 8.2.
calendar— General calendar-related functions - 8.3.
collections— 容器数据类型 - 8.4.
collections.abc— 容器的抽象基类 - 8.5.
heapq— Heap queue algorithm - 8.6.
bisect— Array bisection algorithm - 8.7.
array— Efficient arrays of numeric values - 8.8.
weakref— 弱引用 - 8.9.
types— Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types - 8.10.
copy— 浅层 (shallow) 和深层 (deep) 复制操作 - 8.11.
pprint— 数据美化输出 - 8.12.
reprlib— Alternaterepr()implementation - 8.13.
enum— Support for enumerations- 8.13.1. 模块内容
- 8.13.2. Creating an Enum
- 8.13.3. Programmatic access to enumeration members and their attributes
- 8.13.4. Duplicating enum members and values
- 8.13.5. Ensuring unique enumeration values
- 8.13.6. Using automatic values
- 8.13.7. Iteration
- 8.13.8. 比较
- 8.13.9. Allowed members and attributes of enumerations
- 8.13.10. Restricted subclassing of enumerations
- 8.13.11. Pickling
- 8.13.12. Functional API
- 8.13.13. Derived Enumerations
- 8.13.14. Interesting examples
- 8.13.15. How are Enums different?
- 8.1.
- 9. 数字和数学模块
- 9.1.
numbers— Numeric abstract base classes - 9.2.
math— 数学函数 - 9.3.
cmath— Mathematical functions for complex numbers - 9.4.
decimal— 十进制定点和浮点运算 - 9.5.
fractions— 分数 - 9.6.
random— 生成伪随机数 - 9.7.
statistics— Mathematical statistics functions
- 9.1.
- 10. 函数式编程模块
- 11. 文件和目录访问
- 11.1.
pathlib— 面向对象的文件系统路径 - 11.2.
os.path— 常见路径操作 - 11.3.
fileinput— Iterate over lines from multiple input streams - 11.4.
stat— Interpretingstat()results - 11.5.
filecmp— File and Directory Comparisons - 11.6.
tempfile— Generate temporary files and directories - 11.7.
glob— Unix style pathname pattern expansion - 11.8.
fnmatch— Unix filename pattern matching - 11.9.
linecache— Random access to text lines - 11.10.
shutil— High-level file operations - 11.11.
macpath— Mac OS 9 路径操作函数
- 11.1.
- 12. 数据持久化
- 12.1.
pickle—— Python 对象序列化 - 12.2.
copyreg— Registerpicklesupport functions - 12.3.
shelve— Python object persistence - 12.4.
marshal— Internal Python object serialization - 12.5.
dbm— Interfaces to Unix “databases” - 12.6.
sqlite3— SQLite 数据库 DB-API 2.0 接口模块
- 12.1.
- 13. 数据压缩和存档
- 14. 文件格式
- 14.1.
csv— CSV 文件读写 - 14.2.
configparser— Configuration file parser- 14.2.1. Quick Start
- 14.2.2. Supported Datatypes
- 14.2.3. Fallback Values
- 14.2.4. Supported INI File Structure
- 14.2.5. Interpolation of values
- 14.2.6. Mapping Protocol Access
- 14.2.7. Customizing Parser Behaviour
- 14.2.8. Legacy API Examples
- 14.2.9. ConfigParser Objects
- 14.2.10. RawConfigParser Objects
- 14.2.11. 异常
- 14.3.
netrc— netrc file processing - 14.4.
xdrlib— Encode and decode XDR data - 14.5.
plistlib— Generate and parse Mac OS X.plistfiles
- 14.1.
- 15. 加密服务
- 16. 通用操作系统服务
- 16.1.
os— 操作系统接口模块 - 16.2.
io— 处理流的核心工具 - 16.3.
time— 时间的访问和转换 - 16.4.
argparse— 命令行选项、参数和子命令解析器 - 16.5.
getopt— C-style parser for command line options - 16.6.
logging— Logging facility for Python- 16.6.1. Logger Objects
- 16.6.2. 日志级别
- 16.6.3. Handler Objects
- 16.6.4. Formatter Objects
- 16.6.5. Filter Objects
- 16.6.6. LogRecord Objects
- 16.6.7. LogRecord attributes
- 16.6.8. LoggerAdapter Objects
- 16.6.9. 线程安全
- 16.6.10. 模块级别函数
- 16.6.11. Module-Level Attributes
- 16.6.12. Integration with the warnings module
- 16.7.
logging.config— 日志记录配置 - 16.8.
logging.handlers— Logging handlers- 16.8.1. StreamHandler
- 16.8.2. FileHandler
- 16.8.3. NullHandler
- 16.8.4. WatchedFileHandler
- 16.8.5. BaseRotatingHandler
- 16.8.6. RotatingFileHandler
- 16.8.7. TimedRotatingFileHandler
- 16.8.8. SocketHandler
- 16.8.9. DatagramHandler
- 16.8.10. SysLogHandler
- 16.8.11. NTEventLogHandler
- 16.8.12. SMTPHandler
- 16.8.13. MemoryHandler
- 16.8.14. HTTPHandler
- 16.8.15. QueueHandler
- 16.8.16. QueueListener
- 16.9.
getpass— 便携式密码输入工具 - 16.10.
curses— 终端字符单元显示的处理 - 16.11.
curses.textpad— Text input widget for curses programs - 16.12.
curses.ascii— Utilities for ASCII characters - 16.13.
curses.panel— A panel stack extension for curses - 16.14.
platform— Access to underlying platform’s identifying data - 16.15.
errno— Standard errno system symbols - 16.16.
ctypes— Python 的外部函数库- 16.16.1. ctypes 教程
- 16.16.1.1. 载入动态连接库
- 16.16.1.2. 操作导入的动态链接库中的函数
- 16.16.1.3. 调用函数
- 16.16.1.4. 基础数据类型
- 16.16.1.5. 调用函数，继续
- 16.16.1.6. 使用自定义的数据类型调用函数
- 16.16.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)
- 16.16.1.8. Return types
- 16.16.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)
- 16.16.1.10. Structures and unions
- 16.16.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order
- 16.16.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions
- 16.16.1.13. Arrays
- 16.16.1.14. Pointers
- 16.16.1.15. Type conversions
- 16.16.1.16. Incomplete Types
- 16.16.1.17. Callback functions
- 16.16.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls
- 16.16.1.19. Surprises
- 16.16.1.20. Variable-sized data types
- 16.16.2. ctypes reference
- 16.16.1. ctypes 教程
- 16.1.
- 17. 并发执行
- 17.1.
threading— 基于线程的并行 - 17.2.
multiprocessing— 基于进程的并行- 17.2.1. 概述
- 17.2.2. 参考
- 17.2.3. Programming guidelines
- 17.2.4. 示例
- 17.3.
concurrent包 - 17.4.
concurrent.futures— 启动并行任务 - 17.5.
subprocess— 子进程管理 - 17.6.
sched— 事件调度器 - 17.7.
queue— 一个同步的队列类 - 17.8.
dummy_threading— 可直接替代threading模块。 - 17.9.
_thread— 底层多线程 API - 17.10.
_dummy_thread—_thread的替代模块
- 17.1.
- 18. Interprocess Communication and Networking
- 18.1.
socket— 底层网络接口 - 18.2.
ssl— TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects - 18.3.
select— Waiting for I/O completion - 18.4.
selectors— 高级 I/O 复用库 - 18.5.
asyncio— Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks- 18.5.1. Base Event Loop
- 18.5.1.1. Run an event loop
- 18.5.1.2. Calls
- 18.5.1.3. Delayed calls
- 18.5.1.4. Futures
- 18.5.1.5. Tasks
- 18.5.1.6. Creating connections
- 18.5.1.7. Creating listening connections
- 18.5.1.8. Watch file descriptors
- 18.5.1.9. Low-level socket operations
- 18.5.1.10. Resolve host name
- 18.5.1.11. Connect pipes
- 18.5.1.12. UNIX signals
- 18.5.1.13. Executor
- 18.5.1.14. 错误处理API
- 18.5.1.15. Debug mode
- 18.5.1.16. Server
- 18.5.1.17. Handle
- 18.5.1.18. Event loop examples
- 18.5.2. 事件循环
- 18.5.3. Tasks and coroutines
- 18.5.4. Transports and protocols (callback based API)
- 18.5.5. Streams (coroutine based API)
- 18.5.6. Subprocess
- 18.5.7. Synchronization primitives
- 18.5.8. 队列集
- 18.5.9. Develop with asyncio
- 18.5.9.1. Debug mode of asyncio
- 18.5.9.2. Cancellation
- 18.5.9.3. Concurrency and multithreading
- 18.5.9.4. Handle blocking functions correctly
- 18.5.9.5. 日志
- 18.5.9.6. Detect coroutine objects never scheduled
- 18.5.9.7. Detect exceptions never consumed
- 18.5.9.8. Chain coroutines correctly
- 18.5.9.9. Pending task destroyed
- 18.5.9.10. Close transports and event loops
- 18.5.1. Base Event Loop
- 18.6.
asyncore— 异步socket处理器 - 18.7.
asynchat— 异步 socket 指令/响应 处理器 - 18.8.
signal— Set handlers for asynchronous events - 18.9.
mmap— Memory-mapped file support
- 18.1.
- 19. 互联网数据处理
- 19.1.
email— 电子邮件与 MIME 处理包- 19.1.1.
email.message: Representing an email message - 19.1.2.
email.parser: Parsing email messages - 19.1.3.
email.generator: Generating MIME documents - 19.1.4.
email.policy: Policy Objects - 19.1.5.
email.errors: 异常和缺陷类 - 19.1.6.
email.headerregistry: Custom Header Objects - 19.1.7.
email.contentmanager: Managing MIME Content - 19.1.8.
email: 示例 - 19.1.9.
email.message.Message: Representing an email message using thecompat32API - 19.1.10.
email.mime: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch - 19.1.11.
email.header: Internationalized headers - 19.1.12.
email.charset: Representing character sets - 19.1.13.
email.encoders: Encoders - 19.1.14.
email.utils: 其他工具 - 19.1.15.
email.iterators: Iterators
- 19.1.1.
- 19.2.
json— JSON 编码和解码器 - 19.3.
mailcap— Mailcap file handling - 19.4.
mailbox— Manipulate mailboxes in various formats - 19.5.
mimetypes— Map filenames to MIME types - 19.6.
base64— Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 数据编码 - 19.7.
binhex— 对binhex4文件进行编码和解码 - 19.8.
binascii— 二进制和 ASCII 码互转 - 19.9.
quopri— Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data - 19.10.
uu— Encode and decode uuencode files
- 19.1.
- 20. 结构化标记处理工具
- 20.1.
html— 超文本标记语言支持 - 20.2.
html.parser— 简单的 HTML 和 XHTML 解析器 - 20.3.
html.entities— HTML 一般实体的定义 - 20.4. XML处理模块
- 20.5.
xml.etree.ElementTree— The ElementTree XML API - 20.6.
xml.dom— The Document Object Model API- 20.6.1. 模块内容
- 20.6.2. Objects in the DOM
- 20.6.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects
- 20.6.2.2. Node Objects
- 20.6.2.3. NodeList Objects
- 20.6.2.4. DocumentType Objects
- 20.6.2.5. Document Objects
- 20.6.2.6. Element Objects
- 20.6.2.7. Attr Objects
- 20.6.2.8. NamedNodeMap Objects
- 20.6.2.9. Comment Objects
- 20.6.2.10. Text and CDATASection Objects
- 20.6.2.11. ProcessingInstruction Objects
- 20.6.2.12. 异常
- 20.6.3. Conformance
- 20.7.
xml.dom.minidom— Minimal DOM implementation - 20.8.
xml.dom.pulldom— Support for building partial DOM trees - 20.9.
xml.sax— Support for SAX2 parsers - 20.10.
xml.sax.handler— Base classes for SAX handlers - 20.11.
xml.sax.saxutils— SAX Utilities - 20.12.
xml.sax.xmlreader— Interface for XML parsers - 20.13.
xml.parsers.expat— Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 20.1.
- 21. 互联网协议和支持
- 21.1.
webbrowser— 方便的Web浏览器控制器 - 21.2.
cgi— Common Gateway Interface support - 21.3.
cgitb— Traceback manager for CGI scripts - 21.4.
wsgiref— WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation - 21.5.
urllib— URL 处理模块 - 21.6.
urllib.request— 用于打开 URL 的可扩展库- 21.6.1. Request Objects
- 21.6.2. OpenerDirector Objects
- 21.6.3. BaseHandler Objects
- 21.6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
- 21.6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
- 21.6.6. ProxyHandler Objects
- 21.6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
- 21.6.8. HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth Objects
- 21.6.9. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
- 21.6.10. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
- 21.6.11. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
- 21.6.12. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
- 21.6.13. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
- 21.6.14. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
- 21.6.15. HTTPHandler Objects
- 21.6.16. HTTPSHandler Objects
- 21.6.17. FileHandler Objects
- 21.6.18. DataHandler Objects
- 21.6.19. FTPHandler Objects
- 21.6.20. CacheFTPHandler Objects
- 21.6.21. UnknownHandler Objects
- 21.6.22. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
- 21.6.23. 示例
- 21.6.24. Legacy interface
- 21.6.25.
urllib.requestRestrictions
- 21.7.
urllib.response— Response classes used by urllib - 21.8.
urllib.parse— Parse URLs into components - 21.9.
urllib.error— Exception classes raised by urllib.request - 21.10.
urllib.robotparser— Parser for robots.txt - 21.11.
http— HTTP 模块 - 21.12. http.client — HTTP协议客户端
- 21.13.
ftplib— FTP protocol client - 21.14.
poplib— POP3 protocol client - 21.15.
imaplib— IMAP4 protocol client - 21.16.
nntplib— NNTP protocol client - 21.17.
smtplib—SMTP协议客户端 - 21.18.
smtpd— SMTP Server - 21.19.
telnetlib— Telnet client - 21.20.
uuid— UUID objects according to RFC 4122 - 21.21.
socketserver— A framework for network servers - 21.22.
http.server— HTTP 服务器 - 21.23.
http.cookies— HTTP state management - 21.24.
http.cookiejar— Cookie handling for HTTP clients - 21.25.
xmlrpc— XMLRPC 服务端与客户端模块 - 21.26.
xmlrpc.client— XML-RPC client access - 21.27.
xmlrpc.server— Basic XML-RPC servers - 21.28.
ipaddress— IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
- 21.1.
- 22. 多媒体服务
- 22.1.
audioop— Manipulate raw audio data - 22.2.
aifc— Read and write AIFF and AIFC files - 22.3.
sunau— 读写 Sun AU 文件 - 22.4.
wave— 读写WAV格式文件 - 22.5.
chunk— Read IFF chunked data - 22.6.
colorsys— Conversions between color systems - 22.7.
imghdr— 推测图像类型 - 22.8.
sndhdr— 推测声音文件的类型 - 22.9.
ossaudiodev— Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
- 22.1.
- 23. 国际化
- 24. 程序框架
- 25. Tk图形用户界面(GUI)
- 25.1.
tkinter— Tcl/Tk的Python接口 - 25.2.
tkinter.ttk— Tk themed widgets - 25.3.
tkinter.tix— Extension widgets for Tk - 25.4.
tkinter.scrolledtext— 滚动文字控件 - 25.5. IDLE
- 25.5.1. 目录
- 25.5.1.1. 文件目录 （命令行和编辑器）
- 25.5.1.2. 编辑目录（命令行和编辑器）
- 25.5.1.3. Format menu (Editor window only)
- 25.5.1.4. Run menu (Editor window only)
- 25.5.1.5. Shell menu (Shell window only)
- 25.5.1.6. Debug menu (Shell window only)
- 25.5.1.7. Options menu (Shell and Editor)
- 25.5.1.8. Window menu (Shell and Editor)
- 25.5.1.9. Help menu (Shell and Editor)
- 25.5.1.10. Context Menus
- 25.5.2. Editing and navigation
- 25.5.3. Startup and code execution
- 25.5.4. Help and preferences
- 25.5.1. 目录
- 25.6. 其他图形用户界面（GUI）包
- 25.1.
- 26. 开发工具
- 26.1.
typing— 类型标注支持 - 26.2.
pydoc— Documentation generator and online help system - 26.3.
doctest— Test interactive Python examples - 26.4.
unittest— 单元测试框架 - 26.5.
unittest.mock— mock object library - 26.6.
unittest.mock上手指南- 26.6.1. 使用 mock
- 26.6.1.1. 模拟方法调用
- 26.6.1.2. 对象上的方法调用的 mock
- 26.6.1.3. Mocking Classes
- 26.6.1.4. Naming your mocks
- 26.6.1.5. Tracking all Calls
- 26.6.1.6. Setting Return Values and Attributes
- 26.6.1.7. Raising exceptions with mocks
- 26.6.1.8. Side effect functions and iterables
- 26.6.1.9. Creating a Mock from an Existing Object
- 26.6.2. Patch Decorators
- 26.6.3. Further Examples
- 26.6.3.1. Mocking chained calls
- 26.6.3.2. Partial mocking
- 26.6.3.3. Mocking a Generator Method
- 26.6.3.4. Applying the same patch to every test method
- 26.6.3.5. Mocking Unbound Methods
- 26.6.3.6. Checking multiple calls with mock
- 26.6.3.7. Coping with mutable arguments
- 26.6.3.8. Nesting Patches
- 26.6.3.9. Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock
- 26.6.3.10. Mock subclasses and their attributes
- 26.6.3.11. Mocking imports with patch.dict
- 26.6.3.12. Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions
- 26.6.3.13. More complex argument matching
- 26.6.1. 使用 mock
- 26.7. 2to3 - 自动将 Python 2 代码转为 Python 3 代码
- 26.8.
test— Regression tests package for Python - 26.9.
test.support— Utilities for the Python test suite
- 26.1.
- 27. 调试和分析
- 28. 软件打包和分发
- 29. Python运行时服务
- 29.1.
sys— 系统相关的参数和函数 - 29.2.
sysconfig— Provide access to Python’s configuration information - 29.3.
builtins— 内建对象 - 29.4.
__main__— 顶层脚本环境 - 29.5.
warnings— Warning control - 29.6.
contextlib— Utilities forwith-statement contexts- 29.6.1. 工具
- 29.6.2. 例子和配方
- 29.6.2.1. Supporting a variable number of context managers
- 29.6.2.2. Simplifying support for single optional context managers
- 29.6.2.3. Catching exceptions from
__enter__methods - 29.6.2.4. Cleaning up in an
__enter__implementation - 29.6.2.5. Replacing any use of
try-finallyand flag variables - 29.6.2.6. Using a context manager as a function decorator
- 29.6.3. Single use, reusable and reentrant context managers
- 29.7.
abc— 抽象基类 - 29.8.
atexit— 退出处理器 - 29.9.
traceback— Print or retrieve a stack traceback - 29.10.
__future__— Future 语句定义 - 29.11.
gc— 垃圾回收器接口 - 29.12.
inspect— 检查对象- 29.12.1. 类型和成员
- 29.12.2. Retrieving source code
- 29.12.3. Introspecting callables with the Signature object
- 29.12.4. Classes and functions
- 29.12.5. The interpreter stack
- 29.12.6. Fetching attributes statically
- 29.12.7. Current State of Generators and Coroutines
- 29.12.8. Code Objects Bit Flags
- 29.12.9. Command Line Interface
- 29.13.
site— Site-specific configuration hook - 29.14.
fpectl— Floating point exception control
- 29.1.
- 30. 自定义 Python 解释器
- 31. 导入模块
- 31.1.
zipimport— Import modules from Zip archives - 31.2.
pkgutil— Package extension utility - 31.3.
modulefinder— 查找脚本使用的模块 - 31.4.
runpy— Locating and executing Python modules - 31.5.
importlib— The implementation ofimport
- 31.1.
- 32. Python 语言服务
- 32.1.
parser— Access Python parse trees - 32.2.
ast— 抽象语法树 - 32.3.
symtable— Access to the compiler’s symbol tables - 32.4.
symbol— 与 Python 解析树一起使用的常量 - 32.5.
token— 与Python解析树一起使用的常量 - 32.6.
keyword— 检验Python关键字 - 32.7.
tokenize— Tokenizer for Python source - 32.8.
tabnanny— 模糊缩进检测 - 32.9.
pyclbr— Python class browser support - 32.10.
py_compile— Compile Python source files - 32.11.
compileall— Byte-compile Python libraries - 32.12.
dis— Python 字节码反汇编器 - 32.13.
pickletools— Tools for pickle developers
- 32.1.
- 33. 杂项服务
- 34. Windows系统相关模块
- 35. Unix 专有服务
- 35.1.
posix— The most common POSIX system calls - 35.2.
pwd— 用户密码数据库 - 35.3.
spwd— The shadow password database - 35.4.
grp— The group database - 35.5.
crypt— Function to check Unix passwords - 35.6.
termios— POSIX style tty control - 35.7.
tty— 终端控制功能 - 35.8.
pty— Pseudo-terminal utilities - 35.9.
fcntl— Thefcntlandioctlsystem calls - 35.10.
pipes— Interface to shell pipelines - 35.11.
resource— Resource usage information - 35.12.
nis— Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages) - 35.13. Unix syslog 库例程
- 35.1.
- 36. 被取代的模块
- 36.1.
optparse— Parser for command line options- 36.1.1. Background
- 36.1.2. 教程
- 36.1.3. Reference Guide
- 36.1.3.1. Creating the parser
- 36.1.3.2. Populating the parser
- 36.1.3.3. Defining options
- 36.1.3.4. Option attributes
- 36.1.3.5. Standard option actions
- 36.1.3.6. Standard option types
- 36.1.3.7. 解析参数
- 36.1.3.8. Querying and manipulating your option parser
- 36.1.3.9. Conflicts between options
- 36.1.3.10. Cleanup
- 36.1.3.11. Other methods
- 36.1.4. Option Callbacks
- 36.1.4.1. Defining a callback option
- 36.1.4.2. How callbacks are called
- 36.1.4.3. Raising errors in a callback
- 36.1.4.4. Callback example 1: trivial callback
- 36.1.4.5. Callback example 2: check option order
- 36.1.4.6. Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)
- 36.1.4.7. Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition
- 36.1.4.8. Callback example 5: fixed arguments
- 36.1.4.9. Callback example 6: variable arguments
- 36.1.5. Extending
optparse
- 36.2.
imp— Access theimportinternals
- 36.1.
- 37. 未创建文档的模块
- 扩展和嵌入 Python 解释器
- Python/C API 参考手册
- 概述
- 稳定的应用程序二进制接口
- The Very High Level Layer
- Reference Counting
- 异常处理
- 工具
- 抽象对象层
- Concrete Objects Layer
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- 内存管理
- 对象实现支持
- API 和 ABI 版本管理
- 分发 Python 模块
- 安装 Python 模块
- Python 常用指引
- 将 Python 2 代码迁移到 Python 3
- 简要说明
- 详情
- Drop support for Python 2.6 and older
- Make sure you specify the proper version support in your
setup.pyfile - Have good test coverage
- Learn the differences between Python 2 & 3
- Update your code
- Prevent compatibility regressions
- Check which dependencies block your transition
- Update your
setup.pyfile to denote Python 3 compatibility - Use continuous integration to stay compatible
- Consider using optional static type checking
- 将扩展模块移植到 Python 3
- Curses Programming with Python
- 实现描述器
- 函数式编程指引
- 日志 HOWTO
- 日志操作手册
- 在多个模块中使用日志
- 在多线程中使用日志
- 使用多个日志处理器和多种格式化
- 在多个地方记录日志
- 日志服务器配置示例
- 处理日志处理器的阻塞
- Sending and receiving logging events across a network
- Adding contextual information to your logging output
- Logging to a single file from multiple processes
- Using file rotation
- Use of alternative formatting styles
- Customizing
LogRecord - Subclassing QueueHandler - a ZeroMQ example
- Subclassing QueueListener - a ZeroMQ example
- An example dictionary-based configuration
- Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing
- A more elaborate multiprocessing example
- Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
- Implementing structured logging
- Customizing handlers with
dictConfig() - Using particular formatting styles throughout your application
- Configuring filters with
dictConfig() - Customized exception formatting
- Speaking logging messages
- Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally
- Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration
- Using a context manager for selective logging
- 正则表达式HOWTO
- 套接字编程指南
- 排序指南
- Unicode 指南
- 如何使用urllib包获取网络资源
- Argparse 教程
- ipaddress模块介绍
- Argument Clinic How-To
- The Goals Of Argument Clinic
- Basic Concepts And Usage
- Converting Your First Function
- Advanced Topics
- Symbolic default values
- Renaming the C functions and variables generated by Argument Clinic
- Converting functions using PyArg_UnpackTuple
- Optional Groups
- Using real Argument Clinic converters, instead of “legacy converters”
- Py_buffer
- Advanced converters
- Parameter default values
- The
NULLdefault value - Expressions specified as default values
- Using a return converter
- Cloning existing functions
- Calling Python code
- Using a “self converter”
- Writing a custom converter
- Writing a custom return converter
- METH_O and METH_NOARGS
- tp_new and tp_init functions
- Changing and redirecting Clinic’s output
- The #ifdef trick
- Using Argument Clinic in Python files
- 使用 DTrace 和 SystemTap 检测CPython
- 将 Python 2 代码迁移到 Python 3
- Python 常见问题
- Python常见问题
- 编程常见问题
- 设计和历史常见问题
- 为什么Python使用缩进来分组语句？
- 为什么简单的算术运算得到奇怪的结果？
- 为什么浮点计算不准确？
- 为什么Python字符串是不可变的？
- 为什么必须在方法定义和调用中显式使用“self”？
- 为什么不能在表达式中赋值？
- 为什么Python对某些功能（例如list.index()）使用方法来实现，而其他功能（例如len(List)）使用函数实现？
- 为什么 join()是一个字符串方法而不是列表或元组方法？
- 异常有多快？
- 为什么Python中没有switch或case语句？
- 难道不能在解释器中模拟线程，而非得依赖特定于操作系统的线程实现吗？
- 为什么lambda表达式不能包含语句？
- 可以将Python编译为机器代码，C或其他语言吗？
- Python如何管理内存？
- 为什么CPython不使用更传统的垃圾回收方案？
- CPython退出时为什么不释放所有内存？
- 为什么有单独的元组和列表数据类型？
- 列表是如何在CPython中实现的？
- 字典是如何在CPython中实现的？
- 为什么字典key必须是不可变的？
- 为什么 list.sort() 没有返回排序列表？
- 如何在Python中指定和实施接口规范？
- 为什么没有goto？
- 为什么原始字符串（r-strings）不能以反斜杠结尾？
- 为什么Python没有属性赋值的“with”语句？
- 为什么 if/while/def/class语句需要冒号？
- 为什么Python在列表和元组的末尾允许使用逗号？
- 代码库和插件 FAQ
- 扩展/嵌入常见问题
- 可以使用C语言中创建自己的函数吗？
- 可以使用C++语言中创建自己的函数吗？
- C很难写，有没有其他选择？
- 如何从C执行任意Python语句？
- 如何从C中评估任意Python表达式？
- 如何从Python对象中提取C的值？
- 如何使用Py_BuildValue()创建任意长度的元组？
- 如何从C调用对象的方法？
- 如何捕获PyErr_Print()（或打印到stdout / stderr的任何内容）的输出？
- 如何从C访问用Python编写的模块？
- 如何从Python接口到C ++对象？
- 我使用Setup文件添加了一个模块，为什么make失败了？
- 如何调试扩展？
- 我想在Linux系统上编译一个Python模块，但是缺少一些文件。为什么?
- 如何区分“输入不完整”和“输入无效”？
- 如何找到未定义的g++符号__builtin_new或__pure_virtual？
- 能否创建一个对象类，其中部分方法在C中实现，而其他方法在Python中实现（例如通过继承）？
- Python在Windows上的常见问题
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