8.4. collections.abc — 容器的抽象基类

3.3 新版功能: 该模块曾是 collections 模块的组成部分。

源代码： Lib/_collections_abc.py

该模块定义了一些 抽象基类，它们可用于判断一个具体类是否具有某一特定的接口；例如，这个类是否可哈希，或其是否为映射类。

8.4.1. Collections Abstract Base Classes

The collections module offers the following ABCs:

ABC Inherits from Abstract Methods Mixin Methods
Container   __contains__  
Hashable   __hash__  
Iterable   __iter__  
Iterator Iterable __next__ __iter__
Reversible Iterable __reversed__  
Generator Iterator send, throw close, __iter__, __next__
Sized   __len__  
Callable   __call__  
Collection Sized, Iterable, Container __contains__, __iter__, __len__  
Sequence Reversible, Collection __getitem__, __len__ __contains__, __iter__, __reversed__, index, and count
MutableSequence Sequence __getitem__, __setitem__, __delitem__, __len__, insert Inherited Sequence methods and append, reverse, extend, pop, remove, and __iadd__
ByteString Sequence __getitem__, __len__ Inherited Sequence methods
Set Collection __contains__, __iter__, __len__ __le__, __lt__, __eq__, __ne__, __gt__, __ge__, __and__, __or__, __sub__, __xor__, and isdisjoint
MutableSet Set __contains__, __iter__, __len__, add, discard Inherited Set methods and clear, pop, remove, __ior__, __iand__, __ixor__, and __isub__
Mapping Collection __getitem__, __iter__, __len__ __contains__, keys, items, values, get, __eq__, and __ne__
MutableMapping Mapping __getitem__, __setitem__, __delitem__, __iter__, __len__ Inherited Mapping methods and pop, popitem, clear, update, and setdefault
MappingView Sized   __len__
ItemsView MappingView, Set   __contains__, __iter__
KeysView MappingView, Set   __contains__, __iter__
ValuesView MappingView   __contains__, __iter__
Awaitable   __await__  
Coroutine Awaitable send, throw close
AsyncIterable   __aiter__  
AsyncIterator AsyncIterable __anext__ __aiter__
AsyncGenerator AsyncIterator asend, athrow aclose, __aiter__, __anext__
class collections.abc.Container
class collections.abc.Hashable
class collections.abc.Sized
class collections.abc.Callable

ABCs for classes that provide respectively the methods __contains__(), __hash__(), __len__(), and __call__().

class collections.abc.Iterable

ABC for classes that provide the __iter__() method.

Checking isinstance(obj, Iterable) detects classes that are registered as Iterable or that have an __iter__() method, but it does not detect classes that iterate with the __getitem__() method. The only reliable way to determine whether an object is iterable is to call iter(obj).

class collections.abc.Collection

ABC for sized iterable container classes.

3.6 新版功能.

class collections.abc.Iterator

ABC for classes that provide the __iter__() and __next__() methods. See also the definition of iterator.

class collections.abc.Reversible

ABC for iterable classes that also provide the __reversed__() method.

3.6 新版功能.

class collections.abc.Generator

ABC for generator classes that implement the protocol defined in PEP 342 that extends iterators with the send(), throw() and close() methods. See also the definition of generator.

3.5 新版功能.

class collections.abc.Sequence
class collections.abc.MutableSequence
class collections.abc.ByteString

ABCs for read-only and mutable sequences.

Implementation note: Some of the mixin methods, such as __iter__(), __reversed__() and index(), make repeated calls to the underlying __getitem__() method. Consequently, if __getitem__() is implemented with constant access speed, the mixin methods will have linear performance; however, if the underlying method is linear (as it would be with a linked list), the mixins will have quadratic performance and will likely need to be overridden.

在 3.5 版更改: The index() method added support for stop and start arguments.

class collections.abc.Set
class collections.abc.MutableSet

ABCs for read-only and mutable sets.

class collections.abc.Mapping
class collections.abc.MutableMapping

ABCs for read-only and mutable mappings.

class collections.abc.MappingView
class collections.abc.ItemsView
class collections.abc.KeysView
class collections.abc.ValuesView

ABCs for mapping, items, keys, and values views.

class collections.abc.Awaitable

ABC for awaitable objects, which can be used in await expressions. Custom implementations must provide the __await__() method.

Coroutine objects and instances of the Coroutine ABC are all instances of this ABC.

注解

In CPython, generator-based coroutines (generators decorated with types.coroutine() or asyncio.coroutine()) are awaitables, even though they do not have an __await__() method. Using isinstance(gencoro, Awaitable) for them will return False. Use inspect.isawaitable() to detect them.

3.5 新版功能.

class collections.abc.Coroutine

ABC for coroutine compatible classes. These implement the following methods, defined in 协程对象: send(), throw(), and close(). Custom implementations must also implement __await__(). All Coroutine instances are also instances of Awaitable. See also the definition of coroutine.

注解

In CPython, generator-based coroutines (generators decorated with types.coroutine() or asyncio.coroutine()) are awaitables, even though they do not have an __await__() method. Using isinstance(gencoro, Coroutine) for them will return False. Use inspect.isawaitable() to detect them.

3.5 新版功能.

class collections.abc.AsyncIterable

ABC for classes that provide __aiter__ method. See also the definition of asynchronous iterable.

3.5 新版功能.

class collections.abc.AsyncIterator

ABC for classes that provide __aiter__ and __anext__ methods. See also the definition of asynchronous iterator.

3.5 新版功能.

class collections.abc.AsyncGenerator

ABC for asynchronous generator classes that implement the protocol defined in PEP 525 and PEP 492.

3.6 新版功能.

These ABCs allow us to ask classes or instances if they provide particular functionality, for example:

size = None
if isinstance(myvar, collections.abc.Sized):
    size = len(myvar)

Several of the ABCs are also useful as mixins that make it easier to develop classes supporting container APIs. For example, to write a class supporting the full Set API, it is only necessary to supply the three underlying abstract methods: __contains__(), __iter__(), and __len__(). The ABC supplies the remaining methods such as __and__() and isdisjoint():

class ListBasedSet(collections.abc.Set):
    ''' Alternate set implementation favoring space over speed
        and not requiring the set elements to be hashable. '''
    def __init__(self, iterable):
        self.elements = lst = []
        for value in iterable:
            if value not in lst:
                lst.append(value)

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self.elements)

    def __contains__(self, value):
        return value in self.elements

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.elements)

s1 = ListBasedSet('abcdef')
s2 = ListBasedSet('defghi')
overlap = s1 & s2            # The __and__() method is supported automatically

Notes on using Set and MutableSet as a mixin:

  1. Since some set operations create new sets, the default mixin methods need a way to create new instances from an iterable. The class constructor is assumed to have a signature in the form ClassName(iterable). That assumption is factored-out to an internal classmethod called _from_iterable() which calls cls(iterable) to produce a new set. If the Set mixin is being used in a class with a different constructor signature, you will need to override _from_iterable() with a classmethod that can construct new instances from an iterable argument.
  2. To override the comparisons (presumably for speed, as the semantics are fixed), redefine __le__() and __ge__(), then the other operations will automatically follow suit.
  3. The Set mixin provides a _hash() method to compute a hash value for the set; however, __hash__() is not defined because not all sets are hashable or immutable. To add set hashability using mixins, inherit from both Set() and Hashable(), then define __hash__ = Set._hash.

参见