21.12. http.client — HTTP协议客户端

源码: Lib/http/client.py

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这个模块定义了实现 HTTP 和 HTTPS 协议客户端的类。 它通常不直接使用 — 模块 urllib.request 用它来处理使用 HTTP 和 HTTPS 的 URL。

参见

Requests 包 推荐用于更高层级的 HTTP 客户端接口。

注解

HTTPS 支持仅在 Python 启动了 SSL 支持进行编译时（通过 ssl 模块）可用。

该模块支持以下类：

class http.client.HTTPConnection(host, port=None, [timeout, ]source_address=None)

An HTTPConnection instance represents one transaction with an HTTP server. It should be instantiated passing it a host and optional port number. If no port number is passed, the port is extracted from the host string if it has the form host:port, else the default HTTP port (80) is used. If the optional timeout parameter is given, blocking operations (like connection attempts) will timeout after that many seconds (if it is not given, the global default timeout setting is used). The optional source_address parameter may be a tuple of a (host, port) to use as the source address the HTTP connection is made from.

举个例子，以下调用都是创建连接到同一主机和端口的服务器的实例：

>>> h1 = http.client.HTTPConnection('www.python.org')
>>> h2 = http.client.HTTPConnection('www.python.org:80')
>>> h3 = http.client.HTTPConnection('www.python.org', 80)
>>> h4 = http.client.HTTPConnection('www.python.org', 80, timeout=10)

在 3.2 版更改: 添加了 source_address。

在 3.4 版更改: 删除了 strict 参数，不再支持 HTTP 0.9 风格的“简单响应”。

class http.client.HTTPSConnection(host, port=None, key_file=None, cert_file=None, [timeout, ]source_address=None, *, context=None, check_hostname=None)

HTTPConnection 的子类，使用 SSL 与安全服务器进行通信。 默认端口为 443。 如果指定了 context，它必须为一个描述 SSL 各选项的 ssl.SSLContext 实例。

请参阅 Security considerations 了解有关最佳实践的更多信息。

在 3.2 版更改: 添加了 source_address, context 和 check_hostname。

在 3.2 版更改: 这个类目前会在可能的情况下（即如果 ssl.HAS_SNI 为真值）支持 HTTPS 虚拟主机。

在 3.4 版更改: 删除了 strict 参数，不再支持 HTTP 0.9 风格的“简单响应”。

在 3.4.3 版更改: 目前这个类在默认情况下会执行所有必要的证书和主机检查。 要回复到先前的非验证行为，可以将 ssl._create_unverified_context() 传递给 context 参数。

3.6 版后已移除: key_file 和 cert_file 已弃用并转而推荐 context。 请改用 ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain() 或让 ssl.create_default_context() 为你选择系统所信任的 CA 证书。

check_hostname 参数也已弃用；应当改用 context 的 ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname 属性。

class http.client.HTTPResponse(sock, debuglevel=0, method=None, url=None)

在成功连接后返回类的实例，而不是由用户直接实例化。

在 3.4 版更改: 删除了 strict 参数，不再支持HTTP 0.9 风格的“简单响应”。

下列异常可以适当地被引发:

exception http.client.HTTPException

此模块中其他异常的基类。 它是 Exception 的一个子类。

exception http.client.NotConnected

HTTPException 的一个子类。

exception http.client.InvalidURL

HTTPException 的一个子类，如果给出了一个非数字或为空值的端口就会被引发。

exception http.client.UnknownProtocol

HTTPException 的一个子类。

exception http.client.UnknownTransferEncoding

HTTPException 的一个子类。

exception http.client.UnimplementedFileMode

HTTPException 的一个子类。

exception http.client.IncompleteRead

HTTPException 的一个子类。

exception http.client.ImproperConnectionState

HTTPException 的一个子类。

exception http.client.CannotSendRequest

ImproperConnectionState 的一个子类。

exception http.client.CannotSendHeader

ImproperConnectionState 的一个子类。

exception http.client.ResponseNotReady

ImproperConnectionState 的一个子类。

exception http.client.BadStatusLine

HTTPException 的一个子类。 如果服务器反馈了一个我们不理解的 HTTP 状态码就会被引发。

exception http.client.LineTooLong

HTTPException 的一个子类。 如果在 HTTP 协议中从服务器接收到过长的行就会被引发。

exception http.client.RemoteDisconnected

ConnectionResetError 和 BadStatusLine 的一个子类。 当尝试读取响应时的结果是未从连接读取到数据时由 HTTPConnection.getresponse() 引发，表明远端已关闭连接。

3.5 新版功能: 在此之前引发的异常为 BadStatusLine('')。

此模块中定义的常量为：

http.client.HTTP_PORT

HTTP 协议默认的端口号 (总是 80)。

http.client.HTTPS_PORT

HTTPS 协议默认的端口号 (总是 443)。

http.client.responses

This dictionary maps the HTTP 1.1 status codes to the W3C names.

Example: http.client.responses[http.client.NOT_FOUND] is 'Not Found'.

See HTTP 状态码 for a list of HTTP status codes that are available in this module as constants.

21.12.1. HTTPConnection Objects

HTTPConnection instances have the following methods:

HTTPConnection.request(method, url, body=None, headers={}, *, encode_chunked=False)

This will send a request to the server using the HTTP request method method and the selector url.

If body is specified, the specified data is sent after the headers are finished. It may be a str, a bytes-like object, an open file object, or an iterable of bytes. If body is a string, it is encoded as ISO-8859-1, the default for HTTP. If it is a bytes-like object, the bytes are sent as is. If it is a file object, the contents of the file is sent; this file object should support at least the read() method. If the file object is an instance of io.TextIOBase, the data returned by the read() method will be encoded as ISO-8859-1, otherwise the data returned by read() is sent as is. If body is an iterable, the elements of the iterable are sent as is until the iterable is exhausted.

The headers argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send with the request.

If headers contains neither Content-Length nor Transfer-Encoding, but there is a request body, one of those header fields will be added automatically. If body is None, the Content-Length header is set to 0 for methods that expect a body (PUT, POST, and PATCH). If body is a string or a bytes-like object that is not also a file, the Content-Length header is set to its length. Any other type of body (files and iterables in general) will be chunk-encoded, and the Transfer-Encoding header will automatically be set instead of Content-Length.

The encode_chunked argument is only relevant if Transfer-Encoding is specified in headers. If encode_chunked is False, the HTTPConnection object assumes that all encoding is handled by the calling code. If it is True, the body will be chunk-encoded.

注解

Chunked transfer encoding has been added to the HTTP protocol version 1.1. Unless the HTTP server is known to handle HTTP 1.1, the caller must either specify the Content-Length, or must pass a str or bytes-like object that is not also a file as the body representation.

3.2 新版功能: body can now be an iterable.

在 3.6 版更改: If neither Content-Length nor Transfer-Encoding are set in headers, file and iterable body objects are now chunk-encoded. The encode_chunked argument was added. No attempt is made to determine the Content-Length for file objects.

HTTPConnection.getresponse()

Should be called after a request is sent to get the response from the server. Returns an HTTPResponse instance.

注解

Note that you must have read the whole response before you can send a new request to the server.

在 3.5 版更改: If a ConnectionError or subclass is raised, the HTTPConnection object will be ready to reconnect when a new request is sent.

HTTPConnection.set_debuglevel(level)

Set the debugging level. The default debug level is 0, meaning no debugging output is printed. Any value greater than 0 will cause all currently defined debug output to be printed to stdout. The debuglevel is passed to any new HTTPResponse objects that are created.

3.1 新版功能.

HTTPConnection.set_tunnel(host, port=None, headers=None)

Set the host and the port for HTTP Connect Tunnelling. This allows running the connection through a proxy server.

The host and port arguments specify the endpoint of the tunneled connection (i.e. the address included in the CONNECT request, not the address of the proxy server).

The headers argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers to send with the CONNECT request.

For example, to tunnel through a HTTPS proxy server running locally on port 8080, we would pass the address of the proxy to the HTTPSConnection constructor, and the address of the host that we eventually want to reach to the set_tunnel() method:

>>> import http.client
>>> conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("localhost", 8080)
>>> conn.set_tunnel("www.python.org")
>>> conn.request("HEAD","/index.html")

3.2 新版功能.

HTTPConnection.connect()

Connect to the server specified when the object was created. By default, this is called automatically when making a request if the client does not already have a connection.

HTTPConnection.close()

Close the connection to the server.

As an alternative to using the request() method described above, you can also send your request step by step, by using the four functions below.

HTTPConnection.putrequest(method, url, skip_host=False, skip_accept_encoding=False)

This should be the first call after the connection to the server has been made. It sends a line to the server consisting of the method string, the url string, and the HTTP version (HTTP/1.1). To disable automatic sending of Host: or Accept-Encoding: headers (for example to accept additional content encodings), specify skip_host or skip_accept_encoding with non-False values.

HTTPConnection.putheader(header, argument[, ...])

Send an RFC 822-style header to the server. It sends a line to the server consisting of the header, a colon and a space, and the first argument. If more arguments are given, continuation lines are sent, each consisting of a tab and an argument.

HTTPConnection.endheaders(message_body=None, *, encode_chunked=False)

Send a blank line to the server, signalling the end of the headers. The optional message_body argument can be used to pass a message body associated with the request.

If encode_chunked is True, the result of each iteration of message_body will be chunk-encoded as specified in RFC 7230, Section 3.3.1. How the data is encoded is dependent on the type of message_body. If message_body implements the buffer interface the encoding will result in a single chunk. If message_body is a collections.Iterable, each iteration of message_body will result in a chunk. If message_body is a file object, each call to .read() will result in a chunk. The method automatically signals the end of the chunk-encoded data immediately after message_body.

注解

Due to the chunked encoding specification, empty chunks yielded by an iterator body will be ignored by the chunk-encoder. This is to avoid premature termination of the read of the request by the target server due to malformed encoding.

3.6 新版功能: Chunked encoding support. The encode_chunked parameter was added.

HTTPConnection.send(data)

Send data to the server. This should be used directly only after the endheaders() method has been called and before getresponse() is called.

21.12.2. HTTPResponse Objects

An HTTPResponse instance wraps the HTTP response from the server. It provides access to the request headers and the entity body. The response is an iterable object and can be used in a with statement.

在 3.5 版更改: The io.BufferedIOBase interface is now implemented and all of its reader operations are supported.

HTTPResponse.read([amt])

Reads and returns the response body, or up to the next amt bytes.

HTTPResponse.readinto(b)

Reads up to the next len(b) bytes of the response body into the buffer b. Returns the number of bytes read.

3.3 新版功能.

HTTPResponse.getheader(name, default=None)

Return the value of the header name, or default if there is no header matching name. If there is more than one header with the name name, return all of the values joined by ‘, ‘. If ‘default’ is any iterable other than a single string, its elements are similarly returned joined by commas.

HTTPResponse.getheaders()

Return a list of (header, value) tuples.

HTTPResponse.fileno()

Return the fileno of the underlying socket.

HTTPResponse.msg

A http.client.HTTPMessage instance containing the response headers. http.client.HTTPMessage is a subclass of email.message.Message.

HTTPResponse.version

HTTP protocol version used by server. 10 for HTTP/1.0, 11 for HTTP/1.1.

HTTPResponse.status

Status code returned by server.

HTTPResponse.reason

Reason phrase returned by server.

HTTPResponse.debuglevel

A debugging hook. If debuglevel is greater than zero, messages will be printed to stdout as the response is read and parsed.

HTTPResponse.closed

Is True if the stream is closed.

21.12.3. 示例

Here is an example session that uses the GET method:

>>> import http.client
>>> conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("www.python.org")
>>> conn.request("GET", "/")
>>> r1 = conn.getresponse()
>>> print(r1.status, r1.reason)
200 OK
>>> data1 = r1.read()  # This will return entire content.
>>> # The following example demonstrates reading data in chunks.
>>> conn.request("GET", "/")
>>> r1 = conn.getresponse()
>>> while not r1.closed:
...     print(r1.read(200))  # 200 bytes
b'<!doctype html>\n<!--[if"...
...
>>> # Example of an invalid request
>>> conn.request("GET", "/parrot.spam")
>>> r2 = conn.getresponse()
>>> print(r2.status, r2.reason)
404 Not Found
>>> data2 = r2.read()
>>> conn.close()

Here is an example session that uses the HEAD method. Note that the HEAD method never returns any data.

>>> import http.client
>>> conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("www.python.org")
>>> conn.request("HEAD", "/")
>>> res = conn.getresponse()
>>> print(res.status, res.reason)
200 OK
>>> data = res.read()
>>> print(len(data))
0
>>> data == b''
True

Here is an example session that shows how to POST requests:

>>> import http.client, urllib.parse
>>> params = urllib.parse.urlencode({'@number': 12524, '@type': 'issue', '@action': 'show'})
>>> headers = {"Content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
...            "Accept": "text/plain"}
>>> conn = http.client.HTTPConnection("bugs.python.org")
>>> conn.request("POST", "", params, headers)
>>> response = conn.getresponse()
>>> print(response.status, response.reason)
302 Found
>>> data = response.read()
>>> data
b'Redirecting to <a href="http://bugs.python.org/issue12524">http://bugs.python.org/issue12524</a>'
>>> conn.close()

Client side HTTP PUT requests are very similar to POST requests. The difference lies only the server side where HTTP server will allow resources to be created via PUT request. It should be noted that custom HTTP methods +are also handled in urllib.request.Request by sending the appropriate +method attribute.Here is an example session that shows how to do PUT request using http.client:

>>> # This creates an HTTP message
>>> # with the content of BODY as the enclosed representation
>>> # for the resource http://localhost:8080/file
...
>>> import http.client
>>> BODY = "***filecontents***"
>>> conn = http.client.HTTPConnection("localhost", 8080)
>>> conn.request("PUT", "/file", BODY)
>>> response = conn.getresponse()
>>> print(response.status, response.reason)
200, OK

21.12.4. HTTPMessage Objects

An http.client.HTTPMessage instance holds the headers from an HTTP response. It is implemented using the email.message.Message class.