21. 互联网协议和支持

本章介绍的模块实现了互联网协议并支持相关技术。 它们都是用 Python 实现的。 这些模块中的大多数都需要存在依赖于系统的模块 socket ，目前大多数流行平台都支持它。 这是一个概述：

• 21.1. webbrowser — 方便的Web浏览器控制器
  • 21.1.1. 浏览器控制器对象
• 21.2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
  • 21.2.1. 概述
  • 21.2.2. Using the cgi module
  • 21.2.3. Higher Level Interface
  • 21.2.4. 函数
  • 21.2.5. Caring about security
  • 21.2.6. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
  • 21.2.7. Testing your CGI script
  • 21.2.8. Debugging CGI scripts
  • 21.2.9. Common problems and solutions
• 21.3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
• 21.4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
  • 21.4.1. wsgiref.util – WSGI environment utilities
  • 21.4.2. wsgiref.headers – WSGI response header tools
  • 21.4.3. wsgiref.simple_server – a simple WSGI HTTP server
  • 21.4.4. wsgiref.validate — WSGI conformance checker
  • 21.4.5. wsgiref.handlers – server/gateway base classes
  • 21.4.6. 示例
• 21.5. urllib — URL 处理模块
• 21.6. urllib.request — 用于打开 URL 的可扩展库
  • 21.6.1. Request Objects
  • 21.6.2. OpenerDirector Objects
  • 21.6.3. BaseHandler Objects
  • 21.6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
  • 21.6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
  • 21.6.6. ProxyHandler Objects
  • 21.6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
  • 21.6.8. HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth Objects
  • 21.6.9. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
  • 21.6.10. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
  • 21.6.11. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
  • 21.6.12. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
  • 21.6.13. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
  • 21.6.14. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
  • 21.6.15. HTTPHandler Objects
  • 21.6.16. HTTPSHandler Objects
  • 21.6.17. FileHandler Objects
  • 21.6.18. DataHandler Objects
  • 21.6.19. FTPHandler Objects
  • 21.6.20. CacheFTPHandler Objects
  • 21.6.21. UnknownHandler Objects
  • 21.6.22. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
  • 21.6.23. 示例
  • 21.6.24. Legacy interface
  • 21.6.25. urllib.request Restrictions
• 21.7. urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib
• 21.8. urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
  • 21.8.1. URL Parsing
  • 21.8.2. Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes
  • 21.8.3. Structured Parse Results
  • 21.8.4. URL Quoting
• 21.9. urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
• 21.10. urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
• 21.11. http — HTTP 模块
  • 21.11.1. HTTP 状态码
• 21.12. http.client — HTTP协议客户端
  • 21.12.1. HTTPConnection Objects
  • 21.12.2. HTTPResponse Objects
  • 21.12.3. 示例
  • 21.12.4. HTTPMessage Objects
• 21.13. ftplib — FTP protocol client
  • 21.13.1. FTP Objects
  • 21.13.2. FTP_TLS Objects
• 21.14. poplib — POP3 protocol client
  • 21.14.1. POP3 Objects
  • 21.14.2. POP3 Example
• 21.15. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
  • 21.15.1. IMAP4 Objects
  • 21.15.2. IMAP4 Example
• 21.16. nntplib — NNTP protocol client
  • 21.16.1. NNTP Objects
    • 21.16.1.1. Attributes
    • 21.16.1.2. 方法
  • 21.16.2. Utility functions
• 21.17. smtplib —SMTP协议客户端
  • 21.17.1. SMTP Objects
  • 21.17.2. SMTP Example
• 21.18. smtpd — SMTP Server
  • 21.18.1. SMTPServer Objects
  • 21.18.2. DebuggingServer Objects
  • 21.18.3. PureProxy Objects
  • 21.18.4. MailmanProxy Objects
  • 21.18.5. SMTPChannel Objects
• 21.19. telnetlib — Telnet client
  • 21.19.1. Telnet Objects
  • 21.19.2. Telnet Example
• 21.20. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
  • 21.20.1. 示例
• 21.21. socketserver — A framework for network servers
  • 21.21.1. Server Creation Notes
  • 21.21.2. Server Objects
  • 21.21.3. Request Handler Objects
  • 21.21.4. 示例
    • 21.21.4.1. socketserver.TCPServer Example
    • 21.21.4.2. socketserver.UDPServer Example
    • 21.21.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins
• 21.22. http.server — HTTP 服务器
• 21.23. http.cookies — HTTP state management
  • 21.23.1. Cookie Objects
  • 21.23.2. Morsel Objects
  • 21.23.3. 示例
• 21.24. http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
  • 21.24.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects
  • 21.24.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
  • 21.24.3. CookiePolicy Objects
  • 21.24.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects
  • 21.24.5. Cookie Objects
  • 21.24.6. 示例
• 21.25. xmlrpc — XMLRPC 服务端与客户端模块
• 21.26. xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
  • 21.26.1. ServerProxy Objects
  • 21.26.2. DateTime 对象
  • 21.26.3. Binary Objects
  • 21.26.4. Fault Objects
  • 21.26.5. ProtocolError Objects
  • 21.26.6. MultiCall Objects
  • 21.26.7. Convenience Functions
  • 21.26.8. Example of Client Usage
  • 21.26.9. Example of Client and Server Usage
• 21.27. xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
  • 21.27.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
    • 21.27.1.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Example
  • 21.27.2. CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
  • 21.27.3. Documenting XMLRPC server
  • 21.27.4. DocXMLRPCServer Objects
  • 21.27.5. DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
• 21.28. ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
  • 21.28.1. Convenience factory functions
  • 21.28.2. IP Addresses
    • 21.28.2.1. Address objects
    • 21.28.2.2. Conversion to Strings and Integers
    • 21.28.2.3. 运算符
      • 21.28.2.3.1. Comparison operators
      • 21.28.2.3.2. Arithmetic operators
  • 21.28.3. IP Network definitions
    • 21.28.3.1. Prefix, net mask and host mask
    • 21.28.3.2. Network objects
    • 21.28.3.3. 运算符
      • 21.28.3.3.1. Logical operators
      • 21.28.3.3.2. Iteration
      • 21.28.3.3.3. Networks as containers of addresses
  • 21.28.4. Interface objects
    • 21.28.4.1. 运算符
      • 21.28.4.1.1. Logical operators
  • 21.28.5. Other Module Level Functions
  • 21.28.6. Custom Exceptions