Python文档内容¶
- Python 有什么新变化？
- What’s New in Python 2.7
- The Future for Python 2.x
- Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings
- Python 3.1 Features
- PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections
- PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
- PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines
- PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging
- PEP 3106: Dictionary Views
- PEP 3137: The memoryview Object
- 其他语言特性修改
- New and Improved Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.7
- New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases
- Two new environment variables for debug mode
- PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches
- PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7
- PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7
- PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients
- PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7
- New
make regen-allbuild target - Removal of
make touchbuild target
- Acknowledgements
- Python 2.6 有什么新变化
- Python 3.0
- Changes to the Development Process
- PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
- PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
- PEP 370: Per-user
site-packagesDirectory - PEP 371: The
multiprocessingPackage - PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
- PEP 3105:
printAs a Function - PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
- PEP 3112: Byte Literals
- PEP 3116: New I/O Library
- PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol
- PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
- PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
- PEP 3129: Class Decorators
- PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
- 其他语言特性修改
- New and Improved Modules
- Deprecations and Removals
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.6
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.5
- PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
- PEP 309: Partial Function Application
- PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
- PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
- PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
- PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
- PEP 342: New Generator Features
- PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
- PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
- PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
- PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method
- 其他语言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Removed Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.5
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.4
- PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 289: Generator Expressions
- PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
- PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
- PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
- PEP 324: New subprocess Module
- PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
- PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
- PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
- 其他语言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.4
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.3
- PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 263: Source Code Encodings
- PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives
- PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
- PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
- PEP 279: enumerate()
- PEP 282: The logging Package
- PEP 285: A Boolean Type
- PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
- PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
- PEP 302: New Import Hooks
- PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
- PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
- Extended Slices
- 其他语言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.3
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.2
- 概述
- PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes
- PEP 234: Iterators
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator
- Unicode Changes
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- New and Improved Modules
- Interpreter Changes and Fixes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.1
- 概述
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- PEP 236: __future__ Directives
- PEP 207: Rich Comparisons
- PEP 230: Warning Framework
- PEP 229: New Build System
- PEP 205: Weak References
- PEP 232: Function Attributes
- PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms
- PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook
- PEP 208: New Coercion Model
- PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages
- New and Improved Modules
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.0
- 概述
- What About Python 1.6?
- New Development Process
- Unicode
- 列表推导式
- Augmented Assignment
- 字符串的方法
- Garbage Collection of Cycles
- Other Core Changes
- Porting to 2.0
- Extending/Embedding Changes
- Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install
- XML Modules
- Module changes
- New modules
- IDLE Improvements
- Deleted and Deprecated Modules
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.7
- Python 教程
- 安装和使用 Python
- Python 语言参考
- 1. 概述
- 2. 词法分析
- 3. 数据模型
- 3.1. 对象、值与类型
- 3.2. 标准类型层级结构
- 3.3. New-style and classic classes
- 3.4. 特殊方法名称
- 3.4.1. 基本定制
- 3.4.2. 自定义属性访问
- 3.4.3. 自定义类创建
- 3.4.4. 自定义实例及子类检查
- 3.4.5. 模拟可调用对象
- 3.4.6. 模拟容器类型
- 3.4.7. Additional methods for emulation of sequence types
- 3.4.8. 模拟数字类型
- 3.4.9. Coercion rules
- 3.4.10. with 语句上下文管理器
- 3.4.11. Special method lookup for old-style classes
- 3.4.12. Special method lookup for new-style classes
- 4. 执行模型
- 5. 表达式
- 6. 简单语句
- 6.1. 表达式语句
- 6.2. 赋值语句
- 6.3. The
assertstatement - 6.4. The
passstatement - 6.5. The
delstatement - 6.6. The
printstatement - 6.7. The
returnstatement - 6.8. The
yieldstatement - 6.9. The
raisestatement - 6.10. The
breakstatement - 6.11. The
continuestatement - 6.12. The
importstatement - 6.13. The
globalstatement - 6.14. The
execstatement
- 7. 复合语句
- 8. 最高层级组件
- 9. 完整的语法规范
- Python 标准库
- 1. 概述
- 2. 内置函数
- 3. Non-essential Built-in Functions
- 4. 内置常量
- 5. 内置类型
- 5.1. 逻辑值检测
- 5.2. Boolean Operations —
and,or,not - 5.3. 比较
- 5.4. Numeric Types —
int,float,long,complex - 5.5. 迭代器类型
- 5.6. Sequence Types —
str,unicode,list,tuple,bytearray,buffer,xrange - 5.7. 集合类型 —
set,frozenset - 5.8. 映射类型 —
dict - 5.9. File Objects
- 5.10. memoryview type
- 5.11. Context Manager Types
- 5.12. Other Built-in Types
- 5.13. 特殊属性
- 6. 内置异常
- 7. String Services
- 7.1.
string— 常见的字符串操作 - 7.2.
re— 正则表达式操作 - 7.3.
struct— Interpret strings as packed binary data - 7.4. 模块 difflib 是一个计算差异的助手
- 7.5.
StringIO— Read and write strings as files - 7.6.
cStringIO— Faster version ofStringIO - 7.7.
textwrap— Text wrapping and filling - 7.8.
codecs— Codec registry and base classes - 7.9.
unicodedata— Unicode 数据库 - 7.10.
stringprep— Internet String Preparation - 7.11.
fpformat— Floating point conversions
- 7.1.
- 8. 数据类型
- 8.1.
datetime— 基础日期/时间数据类型 - 8.2.
calendar— General calendar-related functions - 8.3.
collections— High-performance container datatypes - 8.4.
heapq— Heap queue algorithm - 8.5.
bisect— Array bisection algorithm - 8.6.
array— Efficient arrays of numeric values - 8.7.
sets— Unordered collections of unique elements - 8.8.
sched— 事件调度器 - 8.9.
mutex— Mutual exclusion support - 8.10.
Queue— A synchronized queue class - 8.11.
weakref— 弱引用 - 8.12.
UserDict— Class wrapper for dictionary objects - 8.13.
UserList— Class wrapper for list objects - 8.14.
UserString— Class wrapper for string objects - 8.15.
types— Names for built-in types - 8.16.
new— Creation of runtime internal objects - 8.17.
copy— 浅层 (shallow) 和深层 (deep) 复制操作 - 8.18.
pprint— 数据美化输出 - 8.19.
repr— Alternaterepr()implementation
- 8.1.
- 9. 数字和数学模块
- 10. 文件和目录访问
- 10.1.
os.path— 常见路径操作 - 10.2.
fileinput— Iterate over lines from multiple input streams - 10.3.
stat— Interpretingstat()results - 10.4.
statvfs— Constants used withos.statvfs() - 10.5.
filecmp— File and Directory Comparisons - 10.6.
tempfile— Generate temporary files and directories - 10.7.
glob— Unix style pathname pattern expansion - 10.8.
fnmatch— Unix filename pattern matching - 10.9.
linecache— Random access to text lines - 10.10.
shutil— High-level file operations - 10.11.
dircache— Cached directory listings - 10.12.
macpath— Mac OS 9 路径操作函数
- 10.1.
- 11. 数据持久化
- 11.1.
pickle—— Python 对象序列化 - 11.2.
cPickle— A fasterpickle - 11.3.
copy_reg— Registerpicklesupport functions - 11.4.
shelve— Python object persistence - 11.5.
marshal— Internal Python object serialization - 11.6.
anydbm— Generic access to DBM-style databases - 11.7.
whichdb— Guess which DBM module created a database - 11.8.
dbm— Simple “database” interface - 11.9.
gdbm— GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm - 11.10.
dbhash— DBM-style interface to the BSD database library - 11.11.
bsddb— Interface to Berkeley DB library - 11.12.
dumbdbm— Portable DBM implementation - 11.13.
sqlite3— SQLite 数据库 DB-API 2.0 接口模块
- 11.1.
- 12. 数据压缩和存档
- 13. 文件格式
- 14. 加密服务
- 15. 通用操作系统服务
- 15.1.
os— 操作系统接口模块 - 15.2.
io— 处理流的核心工具 - 15.3.
time— 时间的访问和转换 - 15.4.
argparse— 命令行选项、参数和子命令解析器 - 15.5.
optparse— Parser for command line options- 15.5.1. Background
- 15.5.2. 教程
- 15.5.3. Reference Guide
- 15.5.3.1. Creating the parser
- 15.5.3.2. Populating the parser
- 15.5.3.3. Defining options
- 15.5.3.4. Option attributes
- 15.5.3.5. Standard option actions
- 15.5.3.6. Standard option types
- 15.5.3.7. 解析参数
- 15.5.3.8. Querying and manipulating your option parser
- 15.5.3.9. Conflicts between options
- 15.5.3.10. Cleanup
- 15.5.3.11. Other methods
- 15.5.4. Option Callbacks
- 15.5.4.1. Defining a callback option
- 15.5.4.2. How callbacks are called
- 15.5.4.3. Raising errors in a callback
- 15.5.4.4. Callback example 1: trivial callback
- 15.5.4.5. Callback example 2: check option order
- 15.5.4.6. Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)
- 15.5.4.7. Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition
- 15.5.4.8. Callback example 5: fixed arguments
- 15.5.4.9. Callback example 6: variable arguments
- 15.5.5. Extending
optparse
- 15.6.
getopt— C-style parser for command line options - 15.7.
logging— Logging facility for Python - 15.8.
logging.config— 日志记录配置 - 15.9.
logging.handlers— Logging handlers- 15.9.1. StreamHandler
- 15.9.2. FileHandler
- 15.9.3. NullHandler
- 15.9.4. WatchedFileHandler
- 15.9.5. RotatingFileHandler
- 15.9.6. TimedRotatingFileHandler
- 15.9.7. SocketHandler
- 15.9.8. DatagramHandler
- 15.9.9. SysLogHandler
- 15.9.10. NTEventLogHandler
- 15.9.11. SMTPHandler
- 15.9.12. MemoryHandler
- 15.9.13. HTTPHandler
- 15.10.
getpass— 便携式密码输入工具 - 15.11.
curses— 终端字符单元显示的处理 - 15.12.
curses.textpad— Text input widget for curses programs - 15.13.
curses.ascii— Utilities for ASCII characters - 15.14.
curses.panel— A panel stack extension for curses - 15.15.
platform— Access to underlying platform’s identifying data - 15.16.
errno— Standard errno system symbols - 15.17.
ctypes— Python 的外部函数库- 15.17.1. ctypes 教程
- 15.17.1.1. 载入动态连接库
- 15.17.1.2. 操作导入的动态链接库中的函数
- 15.17.1.3. 调用函数
- 15.17.1.4. 基础数据类型
- 15.17.1.5. 调用函数，继续
- 15.17.1.6. 使用自定义的数据类型调用函数
- 15.17.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)
- 15.17.1.8. Return types
- 15.17.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)
- 15.17.1.10. Structures and unions
- 15.17.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order
- 15.17.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions
- 15.17.1.13. Arrays
- 15.17.1.14. Pointers
- 15.17.1.15. Type conversions
- 15.17.1.16. Incomplete Types
- 15.17.1.17. Callback functions
- 15.17.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls
- 15.17.1.19. Surprises
- 15.17.1.20. Variable-sized data types
- 15.17.2. ctypes reference
- 15.17.1. ctypes 教程
- 15.1.
- 16. Optional Operating System Services
- 16.1.
select— Waiting for I/O completion - 16.2.
threading— Higher-level threading interface - 16.3.
thread— Multiple threads of control - 16.4.
dummy_threading— 可直接替代threading模块。 - 16.5.
dummy_thread— Drop-in replacement for thethreadmodule - 16.6.
multiprocessing— Process-based “threading” interface- 16.6.1. 概述
- 16.6.2. 参考
- 16.6.3. Programming guidelines
- 16.6.4. 示例
- 16.7.
mmap— Memory-mapped file support - 16.8.
readline— GNU readline interface - 16.9.
rlcompleter— GNU readline的完成函数
- 16.1.
- 17. Interprocess Communication and Networking
- 17.1.
subprocess— 子进程管理 - 17.2.
socket— 底层网络接口 - 17.3.
ssl— TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects - 17.4.
signal— Set handlers for asynchronous events - 17.5.
popen2— Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams - 17.6.
asyncore— 异步socket处理器 - 17.7.
asynchat— 异步 socket 指令/响应 处理器
- 17.1.
- 18. 互联网数据处理
- 18.1.
email— 电子邮件与 MIME 处理包- 18.1.1.
email.message: Representing an email message - 18.1.2.
email.parser: Parsing email messages - 18.1.3.
email.generator: Generating MIME documents - 18.1.4.
email.mime: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch - 18.1.5.
email.header: Internationalized headers - 18.1.6.
email.charset: Representing character sets - 18.1.7.
email.encoders: Encoders - 18.1.8.
email.errors: 异常和缺陷类 - 18.1.9.
email.utils: 其他工具 - 18.1.10.
email.iterators: Iterators - 18.1.11.
email: Examples - 18.1.12. Package History
- 18.1.13. Differences from
mimelib
- 18.1.1.
- 18.2.
json— JSON 编码和解码器 - 18.3.
mailcap— Mailcap file handling - 18.4.
mailbox— Manipulate mailboxes in various formats - 18.5.
mhlib— Access to MH mailboxes - 18.6.
mimetools— Tools for parsing MIME messages - 18.7.
mimetypes— Map filenames to MIME types - 18.8.
MimeWriter— Generic MIME file writer - 18.9.
mimify— MIME processing of mail messages - 18.10.
multifile— Support for files containing distinct parts - 18.11.
rfc822— Parse RFC 2822 mail headers - 18.12.
base64— RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings - 18.13.
binhex— 对binhex4文件进行编码和解码 - 18.14.
binascii— 二进制和 ASCII 码互转 - 18.15.
quopri— Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data - 18.16.
uu— Encode and decode uuencode files
- 18.1.
- 19. 结构化标记处理工具
- 19.1.
HTMLParser— Simple HTML and XHTML parser - 19.2.
sgmllib— Simple SGML parser - 19.3.
htmllib— A parser for HTML documents - 19.4.
htmlentitydefs— Definitions of HTML general entities - 19.5. XML处理模块
- 19.6. XML 漏洞
- 19.7.
xml.etree.ElementTree— The ElementTree XML API - 19.8.
xml.dom— The Document Object Model API- 19.8.1. 模块内容
- 19.8.2. Objects in the DOM
- 19.8.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects
- 19.8.2.2. Node Objects
- 19.8.2.3. NodeList Objects
- 19.8.2.4. DocumentType Objects
- 19.8.2.5. Document Objects
- 19.8.2.6. Element Objects
- 19.8.2.7. Attr Objects
- 19.8.2.8. NamedNodeMap Objects
- 19.8.2.9. Comment Objects
- 19.8.2.10. Text and CDATASection Objects
- 19.8.2.11. ProcessingInstruction Objects
- 19.8.2.12. 异常
- 19.8.3. Conformance
- 19.9.
xml.dom.minidom— Minimal DOM implementation - 19.10.
xml.dom.pulldom— Support for building partial DOM trees - 19.11.
xml.sax— Support for SAX2 parsers - 19.12.
xml.sax.handler— Base classes for SAX handlers - 19.13.
xml.sax.saxutils— SAX Utilities - 19.14.
xml.sax.xmlreader— Interface for XML parsers - 19.15.
xml.parsers.expat— Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 19.1.
- 20. 互联网协议和支持
- 20.1.
webbrowser— 方便的Web浏览器控制器 - 20.2.
cgi— Common Gateway Interface support - 20.3.
cgitb— Traceback manager for CGI scripts - 20.4.
wsgiref— WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation - 20.5.
urllib— Open arbitrary resources by URL - 20.6.
urllib2— extensible library for opening URLs- 20.6.1. Request Objects
- 20.6.2. OpenerDirector Objects
- 20.6.3. BaseHandler Objects
- 20.6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
- 20.6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
- 20.6.6. ProxyHandler Objects
- 20.6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
- 20.6.8. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
- 20.6.9. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
- 20.6.10. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
- 20.6.11. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
- 20.6.12. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
- 20.6.13. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
- 20.6.14. HTTPHandler Objects
- 20.6.15. HTTPSHandler Objects
- 20.6.16. FileHandler Objects
- 20.6.17. FTPHandler Objects
- 20.6.18. CacheFTPHandler Objects
- 20.6.19. UnknownHandler Objects
- 20.6.20. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
- 20.6.21. Examples
- 20.7.
httplib— HTTP protocol client - 20.8.
ftplib— FTP protocol client - 20.9.
poplib— POP3 protocol client - 20.10.
imaplib— IMAP4 protocol client - 20.11.
nntplib— NNTP protocol client - 20.12.
smtplib—SMTP协议客户端 - 20.13.
smtpd— SMTP Server - 20.14.
telnetlib— Telnet client - 20.15.
uuid— UUID objects according to RFC 4122 - 20.16.
urlparse— Parse URLs into components - 20.17.
SocketServer— A framework for network servers - 20.18.
BaseHTTPServer— Basic HTTP server - 20.19.
SimpleHTTPServer— Simple HTTP request handler - 20.20.
CGIHTTPServer— CGI-capable HTTP request handler - 20.21.
cookielib— Cookie handling for HTTP clients - 20.22.
Cookie— HTTP state management - 20.23.
xmlrpclib— XML-RPC client access - 20.24.
SimpleXMLRPCServer— Basic XML-RPC server - 20.25.
DocXMLRPCServer— Self-documenting XML-RPC server
- 20.1.
- 21. 多媒体服务
- 21.1.
audioop— Manipulate raw audio data - 21.2.
imageop— Manipulate raw image data - 21.3.
aifc— Read and write AIFF and AIFC files - 21.4.
sunau— 读写 Sun AU 文件 - 21.5.
wave— 读写WAV格式文件 - 21.6.
chunk— Read IFF chunked data - 21.7.
colorsys— Conversions between color systems - 21.8.
imghdr— 推测图像类型 - 21.9.
sndhdr— 推测声音文件的类型 - 21.10.
ossaudiodev— Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
- 21.1.
- 22. 国际化
- 23. 程序框架
- 24. Tk图形用户界面(GUI)
- 24.1.
Tkinter— Python interface to Tcl/Tk - 24.2.
ttk— Tk themed widgets - 24.3.
Tix— Extension widgets for Tk - 24.4.
ScrolledText— Scrolled Text Widget - 24.5.
turtle— Turtle graphics for Tk - 24.6. IDLE
- 24.6.1. 目录
- 24.6.1.1. 文件目录 （命令行和编辑器）
- 24.6.1.2. 编辑目录（命令行和编辑器）
- 24.6.1.3. Format menu (Editor window only)
- 24.6.1.4. Run menu (Editor window only)
- 24.6.1.5. Shell menu (Shell window only)
- 24.6.1.6. Debug menu (Shell window only)
- 24.6.1.7. Options menu (Shell and Editor)
- 24.6.1.8. Window menu (Shell and Editor)
- 24.6.1.9. Help menu (Shell and Editor)
- 24.6.1.10. Context Menus
- 24.6.2. Editing and navigation
- 24.6.3. Startup and code execution
- 24.6.4. Help and preferences
- 24.6.1. 目录
- 24.7. 其他图形用户界面（GUI）包
- 24.1.
- 25. 开发工具
- 25.1.
pydoc— Documentation generator and online help system - 25.2.
doctest— Test interactive Python examples - 25.3.
unittest— 单元测试框架 - 25.4. 2to3 - 自动将 Python 2 代码转为 Python 3 代码
- 25.5.
test— Regression tests package for Python - 25.6.
test.support— Utility functions for tests
- 25.1.
- 26. 调试和分析
- 27. 软件打包和分发
- 28. Python运行时服务
- 28.1.
sys— 系统相关的参数和函数 - 28.2.
sysconfig— Provide access to Python’s configuration information - 28.3.
__builtin__— Built-in objects - 28.4.
future_builtins— Python 3 builtins - 28.5.
__main__— 顶层脚本环境 - 28.6.
warnings— Warning control - 28.7.
contextlib— Utilities forwith-statement contexts - 28.8.
abc— 抽象基类 - 28.9.
atexit— 退出处理器 - 28.10.
traceback— Print or retrieve a stack traceback - 28.11.
__future__— Future 语句定义 - 28.12.
gc— 垃圾回收器接口 - 28.13.
inspect— 检查对象 - 28.14.
site— Site-specific configuration hook - 28.15.
user— User-specific configuration hook - 28.16.
fpectl— Floating point exception control
- 28.1.
- 29. 自定义 Python 解释器
- 30. Restricted Execution
- 31. 导入模块
- 31.1.
imp— Access theimportinternals - 31.2.
importlib— Convenience wrappers for__import__() - 31.3.
imputil— Import utilities - 31.4.
zipimport— Import modules from Zip archives - 31.5.
pkgutil— Package extension utility - 31.6.
modulefinder— 查找脚本使用的模块 - 31.7.
runpy— Locating and executing Python modules
- 31.1.
- 32. Python 语言服务
- 32.1.
parser— Access Python parse trees - 32.2.
ast— 抽象语法树 - 32.3.
symtable— Access to the compiler’s symbol tables - 32.4.
symbol— 与 Python 解析树一起使用的常量 - 32.5.
token— 与Python解析树一起使用的常量 - 32.6.
keyword— 检验Python关键字 - 32.7.
tokenize— Tokenizer for Python source - 32.8.
tabnanny— 模糊缩进检测 - 32.9.
pyclbr— Python class browser support - 32.10.
py_compile— Compile Python source files - 32.11.
compileall— Byte-compile Python libraries - 32.12.
dis— Python 字节码反汇编器 - 32.13.
pickletools— Tools for pickle developers
- 32.1.
- 33. Python compiler package
- 34. 杂项服务
- 35. Windows系统相关模块
- 36. Unix 专有服务
- 36.1.
posix— The most common POSIX system calls - 36.2.
pwd— 用户密码数据库 - 36.3.
spwd— The shadow password database - 36.4.
grp— The group database - 36.5.
crypt— Function to check Unix passwords - 36.6.
dl— Call C functions in shared objects - 36.7.
termios— POSIX style tty control - 36.8.
tty— 终端控制功能 - 36.9.
pty— Pseudo-terminal utilities - 36.10.
fcntl— Thefcntlandioctlsystem calls - 36.11.
pipes— Interface to shell pipelines - 36.12.
posixfile— File-like objects with locking support - 36.13.
resource— Resource usage information - 36.14.
nis— Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages) - 36.15. Unix syslog 库例程
- 36.16.
commands— Utilities for running commands
- 36.1.
- 37. Mac OS X specific services
- 37.1.
ic— Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config - 37.2.
MacOS— Access to Mac OS interpreter features - 37.3.
macostools— Convenience routines for file manipulation - 37.4.
findertools— The finder’s Apple Events interface - 37.5.
EasyDialogs— Basic Macintosh dialogs - 37.6.
FrameWork— Interactive application framework - 37.7.
autoGIL— Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops - 37.8. Mac OS Toolbox Modules
- 37.8.1.
Carbon.AE— Apple Events - 37.8.2.
Carbon.AH— Apple Help - 37.8.3.
Carbon.App— Appearance Manager - 37.8.4.
Carbon.Appearance— Appearance Manager constants - 37.8.5.
Carbon.CF— Core Foundation - 37.8.6.
Carbon.CG— Core Graphics - 37.8.7.
Carbon.CarbonEvt— Carbon Event Manager - 37.8.8.
Carbon.CarbonEvents— Carbon Event Manager constants - 37.8.9.
Carbon.Cm— Component Manager - 37.8.10.
Carbon.Components— Component Manager constants - 37.8.11.
Carbon.ControlAccessor— Control Manager accssors - 37.8.12.
Carbon.Controls— Control Manager constants - 37.8.13.
Carbon.CoreFounation— CoreFounation constants - 37.8.14.
Carbon.CoreGraphics— CoreGraphics constants - 37.8.15.
Carbon.Ctl— Control Manager - 37.8.16.
Carbon.Dialogs— Dialog Manager constants - 37.8.17.
Carbon.Dlg— Dialog Manager - 37.8.18.
Carbon.Drag— Drag and Drop Manager - 37.8.19.
Carbon.Dragconst— Drag and Drop Manager constants - 37.8.20.
Carbon.Events— Event Manager constants - 37.8.21.
Carbon.Evt— Event Manager - 37.8.22.
Carbon.File— File Manager - 37.8.23.
Carbon.Files— File Manager constants - 37.8.24.
Carbon.Fm— Font Manager - 37.8.25.
Carbon.Folder— Folder Manager - 37.8.26.
Carbon.Folders— Folder Manager constants - 37.8.27.
Carbon.Fonts— Font Manager constants - 37.8.28.
Carbon.Help— Help Manager - 37.8.29.
Carbon.IBCarbon— Carbon InterfaceBuilder - 37.8.30.
Carbon.IBCarbonRuntime— Carbon InterfaceBuilder constants - 37.8.31.
Carbon.Icn— Carbon Icon Manager - 37.8.32.
Carbon.Icons— Carbon Icon Manager constants - 37.8.33.
Carbon.Launch— Carbon Launch Services - 37.8.34.
Carbon.LaunchServices— Carbon Launch Services constants - 37.8.35.
Carbon.List— List Manager - 37.8.36.
Carbon.Lists— List Manager constants - 37.8.37.
Carbon.MacHelp— Help Manager constants - 37.8.38.
Carbon.MediaDescr— Parsers and generators for Quicktime Media descriptors - 37.8.39.
Carbon.Menu— Menu Manager - 37.8.40.
Carbon.Menus— Menu Manager constants - 37.8.41.
Carbon.Mlte— MultiLingual Text Editor - 37.8.42.
Carbon.OSA— Carbon OSA Interface - 37.8.43.
Carbon.OSAconst— Carbon OSA Interface constants - 37.8.44.
Carbon.QDOffscreen— QuickDraw Offscreen constants - 37.8.45.
Carbon.Qd— QuickDraw - 37.8.46.
Carbon.Qdoffs— QuickDraw Offscreen - 37.8.47.
Carbon.Qt— QuickTime - 37.8.48.
Carbon.QuickDraw— QuickDraw constants - 37.8.49.
Carbon.QuickTime— QuickTime constants - 37.8.50.
Carbon.Res— Resource Manager and Handles - 37.8.51.
Carbon.Resources— Resource Manager and Handles constants - 37.8.52.
Carbon.Scrap— Scrap Manager - 37.8.53.
Carbon.Snd— Sound Manager - 37.8.54.
Carbon.Sound— Sound Manager constants - 37.8.55.
Carbon.TE— TextEdit - 37.8.56.
Carbon.TextEdit— TextEdit constants - 37.8.57.
Carbon.Win— Window Manager - 37.8.58.
Carbon.Windows— Window Manager constants
- 37.8.1.
- 37.9.
ColorPicker— Color selection dialog
- 37.1.
- 38. MacPython OSA Modules
- 39. SGI IRIX Specific Services
- 39.1.
al— Audio functions on the SGI - 39.2.
AL— Constants used with thealmodule - 39.3.
cd— CD-ROM access on SGI systems - 39.4.
fl— FORMS library for graphical user interfaces - 39.5.
FL— Constants used with theflmodule - 39.6.
flp— Functions for loading stored FORMS designs - 39.7.
fm— Font Manager interface - 39.8.
gl— Graphics Library interface - 39.9.
DEVICE— Constants used with theglmodule - 39.10.
GL— Constants used with theglmodule - 39.11.
imgfile— Support for SGI imglib files - 39.12.
jpeg— Read and write JPEG files
- 39.1.
- 40. SunOS Specific Services
- 41. 未创建文档的模块
- 41.1. Miscellaneous useful utilities
- 41.2. 平台特定模块
- 41.3. Multimedia
- 41.4. Undocumented Mac OS modules
- 41.4.1.
applesingle— AppleSingle decoder - 41.4.2.
buildtools— Helper module for BuildApplet and Friends - 41.4.3.
cfmfile— Code Fragment Resource module - 41.4.4.
icopen— Internet Config replacement foropen() - 41.4.5.
macerrors— Mac OS Errors - 41.4.6.
macresource— Locate script resources - 41.4.7.
Nav— NavServices calls - 41.4.8.
PixMapWrapper— Wrapper for PixMap objects - 41.4.9.
videoreader— Read QuickTime movies - 41.4.10.
W— Widgets built onFrameWork
- 41.4.1.
- 41.5. Obsolete
- 41.6. SGI-specific Extension modules
- 扩展和嵌入 Python 解释器
- Python/C API 参考手册
- 概述
- The Very High Level Layer
- Reference Counting
- 异常处理
- 工具
- 抽象对象层
- Concrete Objects Layer
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- 内存管理
- 对象实现支持
- 分发 Python 模块
- 安装 Python 模块
- Python 常用指引
- 将 Python 2 代码迁移到 Python 3
- 简要说明
- 详情
- Drop support for Python 2.6 and older
- Make sure you specify the proper version support in your
setup.pyfile - Have good test coverage
- Learn the differences between Python 2 & 3
- Update your code
- Prevent compatibility regressions
- Check which dependencies block your transition
- Update your
setup.pyfile to denote Python 3 compatibility - Use continuous integration to stay compatible
- Consider using optional static type checking
- 将扩展模块移植到 Python 3
- Curses Programming with Python
- 实现描述器
- Idioms and Anti-Idioms in Python
- 函数式编程指引
- 日志 HOWTO
- 日志操作手册
- 在多个模块中使用日志
- 在多线程中使用日志
- 使用多个日志处理器和多种格式化
- 在多个地方记录日志
- 日志服务器配置示例
- Sending and receiving logging events across a network
- Adding contextual information to your logging output
- Logging to a single file from multiple processes
- Using file rotation
- An example dictionary-based configuration
- Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
- Implementing structured logging
- Customizing handlers with
dictConfig() - Configuring filters with
dictConfig() - Customized exception formatting
- Speaking logging messages
- Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally
- Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration
- Using a context manager for selective logging
- 正则表达式HOWTO
- 套接字编程指南
- 排序指南
- Unicode 指南
- HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using urllib2
- HOWTO Use Python in the web
- Argparse 教程
- 将 Python 2 代码迁移到 Python 3
- Python 常见问题
- Python常见问题
- 编程常见问题
- 设计和历史常见问题
- 为什么Python使用缩进来分组语句？
- 为什么简单的算术运算得到奇怪的结果？
- Why are floating point calculations so inaccurate?
- 为什么Python字符串是不可变的？
- 为什么必须在方法定义和调用中显式使用“self”？
- 为什么不能在表达式中赋值？
- 为什么Python对某些功能（例如list.index()）使用方法来实现，而其他功能（例如len(List)）使用函数实现？
- 为什么 join()是一个字符串方法而不是列表或元组方法？
- 异常有多快？
- 为什么Python中没有switch或case语句？
- 难道不能在解释器中模拟线程，而非得依赖特定于操作系统的线程实现吗？
- 为什么lambda表达式不能包含语句？
- 可以将Python编译为机器代码，C或其他语言吗？
- Python如何管理内存？
- Why isn’t all memory freed when Python exits?
- 为什么有单独的元组和列表数据类型？
- 列表是如何在CPython中实现的？
- 字典是如何在CPython中实现的？
- 为什么字典key必须是不可变的？
- 为什么 list.sort() 没有返回排序列表？
- 如何在Python中指定和实施接口规范？
- 为什么没有goto？
- 为什么原始字符串（r-strings）不能以反斜杠结尾？
- 为什么Python没有属性赋值的“with”语句？
- 为什么 if/while/def/class语句需要冒号？
- 为什么Python在列表和元组的末尾允许使用逗号？
- 代码库和插件 FAQ
- 扩展/嵌入常见问题
- 可以使用C语言中创建自己的函数吗？
- 可以使用C++语言中创建自己的函数吗？
- C很难写，有没有其他选择？
- 如何从C执行任意Python语句？
- 如何从C中评估任意Python表达式？
- 如何从Python对象中提取C的值？
- 如何使用Py_BuildValue()创建任意长度的元组？
- 如何从C调用对象的方法？
- 如何捕获PyErr_Print()（或打印到stdout / stderr的任何内容）的输出？
- 如何从C访问用Python编写的模块？
- 如何从Python接口到C ++对象？
- 我使用Setup文件添加了一个模块，为什么make失败了？
- 如何调试扩展？
- 我想在Linux系统上编译一个Python模块，但是缺少一些文件。为什么?
- What does “SystemError: _PyImport_FixupExtension: module yourmodule not loaded” mean?
- 如何区分“输入不完整”和“输入无效”？
- 如何找到未定义的g++符号__builtin_new或__pure_virtual？
- 能否创建一个对象类，其中部分方法在C中实现，而其他方法在Python中实现（例如通过继承）？
- When importing module X, why do I get “undefined symbol: PyUnicodeUCS2*”?
- Python在Windows上的常见问题
- 图形用户界面（GUI）常见问题
- “为什么我的电脑上安装了 Python ？”
- 术语对照表
- 文档说明
- Reporting Bugs
- 版权
- 历史和许可证