Python文档内容¶
- Python 有什么新变化？
- Python 3.7 有什么新变化
- 摘要 - 发布重点
- 新的特性
- 其他语言特性修改
- 新增模块
- 改进的模块
- argparse
- asyncio
- binascii
- calendar
- collections
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- contextlib
- cProfile
- crypt
- datetime
- dbm
- decimal
- dis
- distutils
- enum
- functools
- gc
- hmac
- http.client
- http.server
- idlelib 与 IDLE
- importlib
- io
- ipaddress
- itertools
- locale
- logging
- math
- mimetypes
- msilib
- multiprocessing
- os
- pathlib
- pdb
- py_compile
- pydoc
- queue
- re
- signal
- socket
- socketserver
- sqlite3
- ssl
- string
- subprocess
- sys
- time
- tkinter
- tracemalloc
- types
- unicodedata
- unittest
- unittest.mock
- urllib.parse
- uu
- uuid
- warnings
- xml
- xml.etree
- xmlrpc.server
- zipapp
- zipfile
- C API 的改变
- 构建的改变
- 性能优化
- 其他 CPython 实现的改变
- 已弃用的 Python 行为
- 已弃用的 Python 模块、函数和方法
- 已弃用的 C API 函数和类型
- 平台支持的移除
- API 与特性的移除
- 移除的模块
- Windows 专属的改变
- 移植到 Python 3.7
- Python 3.7.1 中的重要变化
- Python 3.7.2 中的重要变化
- Python 3.6 有什么新变化A
- 摘要 - 发布重点
- 新的特性
- PEP 498: Formatted string literals
- PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations
- PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals
- PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators
- PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions
- PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation
- PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements
- PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol
- PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation
- PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8
- PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8
- PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order
- PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order
- New
dictimplementation - PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython
- PYTHONMALLOC environment variable
- DTrace and SystemTap probing support
- 其他语言特性修改
- 新增模块
- 改进的模块
- array
- ast
- asyncio
- binascii
- cmath
- collections
- concurrent.futures
- contextlib
- datetime
- decimal
- distutils
- encodings
- enum
- faulthandler
- fileinput
- hashlib
- http.client
- idlelib 与 IDLE
- importlib
- inspect
- json
- logging
- math
- multiprocessing
- os
- pathlib
- pdb
- pickle
- pickletools
- pydoc
- random
- re
- readline
- rlcompleter
- shlex
- site
- sqlite3
- socket
- socketserver
- ssl
- statistics
- struct
- subprocess
- sys
- telnetlib
- time
- timeit
- tkinter
- traceback
- tracemalloc
- typing
- unicodedata
- unittest.mock
- urllib.request
- urllib.robotparser
- venv
- warnings
- winreg
- winsound
- xmlrpc.client
- zipfile
- zlib
- 性能优化
- Build and C API Changes
- 其他改进
- 弃用
- 移除
- 移植到Python 3.6
- Python 3.6.2 中的重要变化
- Python 3.6.4 中的重要变化
- Python 3.6.5 中的重要变化
- Python 3.6.7 中的重要变化
- Python 3.5 有什么新变化
- 摘要 - 发布重点
- 新的特性
- PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax
- PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication
- PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations
- PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray
- PEP 484 - Type Hints
- PEP 471 - os.scandir() function -- a better and faster directory iterator
- PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR
- PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators
- PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality
- PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments
- PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files
- PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization
- 其他语言特性修改
- 新增模块
- 改进的模块
- argparse
- asyncio
- bz2
- cgi
- cmath
- code
- collections
- collections.abc
- compileall
- concurrent.futures
- configparser
- contextlib
- csv
- curses
- dbm
- difflib
- distutils
- doctest
- enum
- faulthandler
- functools
- glob
- gzip
- heapq
- http
- http.client
- idlelib 与 IDLE
- imaplib
- imghdr
- importlib
- inspect
- io
- ipaddress
- json
- linecache
- locale
- logging
- lzma
- math
- multiprocessing
- operator
- os
- pathlib
- pickle
- poplib
- re
- readline
- selectors
- shutil
- signal
- smtpd
- smtplib
- sndhdr
- socket
- ssl
- sqlite3
- subprocess
- sys
- sysconfig
- tarfile
- threading
- time
- timeit
- tkinter
- traceback
- types
- unicodedata
- unittest
- unittest.mock
- urllib
- wsgiref
- xmlrpc
- xml.sax
- zipfile
- Other module-level changes
- 性能优化
- Build and C API Changes
- 弃用
- 移除
- Porting to Python 3.5
- Notable changes in Python 3.5.4
- What's New In Python 3.4
- 摘要 - 发布重点
- 新的特性
- 新增模块
- 改进的模块
- abc
- aifc
- argparse
- audioop
- base64
- collections
- colorsys
- contextlib
- dbm
- dis
- doctest
- filecmp
- functools
- gc
- glob
- hashlib
- hmac
- html
- http
- idlelib 与 IDLE
- importlib
- inspect
- ipaddress
- logging
- marshal
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- operator
- os
- pdb
- pickle
- plistlib
- poplib
- pprint
- pty
- pydoc
- re
- resource
- select
- shelve
- shutil
- smtpd
- smtplib
- socket
- sqlite3
- ssl
- stat
- struct
- subprocess
- sunau
- sys
- tarfile
- textwrap
- threading
- traceback
- types
- urllib
- unittest
- venv
- wave
- weakref
- xml.etree
- zipfile
- CPython Implementation Changes
- 弃用
- 移除
- Porting to Python 3.4
- Changed in 3.4.3
- What's New In Python 3.3
- 摘要 - 发布重点
- PEP 405: Virtual Environments
- PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages
- PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation
- PEP 393: Flexible String Representation
- PEP 397: Python Launcher for Windows
- PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy
- PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator
- PEP 409: Suppressing exception context
- PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals
- PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions
- PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary
- PEP 362: Function Signature Object
- PEP 421: Adding sys.implementation
- Using importlib as the Implementation of Import
- 其他语言特性修改
- A Finer-Grained Import Lock
- Builtin functions and types
- 新增模块
- 改进的模块
- abc
- array
- base64
- binascii
- bz2
- codecs
- collections
- contextlib
- crypt
- curses
- datetime
- decimal
- ftplib
- functools
- gc
- hmac
- http
- html
- imaplib
- inspect
- io
- itertools
- logging
- math
- mmap
- multiprocessing
- nntplib
- os
- pdb
- pickle
- pydoc
- re
- sched
- select
- shlex
- shutil
- signal
- smtpd
- smtplib
- socket
- socketserver
- sqlite3
- ssl
- stat
- struct
- subprocess
- sys
- tarfile
- tempfile
- textwrap
- threading
- time
- types
- unittest
- urllib
- webbrowser
- xml.etree.ElementTree
- zlib
- 性能优化
- Build and C API Changes
- 弃用
- Porting to Python 3.3
- What's New In Python 3.2
- PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI
- PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module
- PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging
- PEP 3148: The
concurrent.futuresmodule - PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories
- PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files
- PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1
- 其他语言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- elementtree
- functools
- itertools
- collections
- threading
- datetime and time
- math
- abc
- io
- reprlib
- logging
- csv
- contextlib
- decimal and fractions
- ftp
- popen
- select
- gzip and zipfile
- tarfile
- hashlib
- ast
- os
- shutil
- sqlite3
- html
- socket
- ssl
- nntp
- certificates
- imaplib
- http.client
- unittest
- random
- poplib
- asyncore
- tempfile
- inspect
- pydoc
- dis
- dbm
- ctypes
- site
- sysconfig
- pdb
- configparser
- urllib.parse
- mailbox
- turtledemo
- 多线程
- 性能优化
- Unicode
- Codecs
- 文档
- IDLE
- Code Repository
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 3.2
- What's New In Python 3.1
- What's New In Python 3.0
- What's New in Python 2.7
- The Future for Python 2.x
- Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings
- Python 3.1 Features
- PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections
- PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
- PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines
- PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging
- PEP 3106: Dictionary Views
- PEP 3137: The memoryview Object
- 其他语言特性修改
- New and Improved Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.7
- New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases
- Two new environment variables for debug mode
- PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches
- PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7
- PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7
- PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients
- PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7
- New
make regen-allbuild target - Removal of
make touchbuild target
- Acknowledgements
- Python 2.6 有什么新变化
- Python 3.0
- Changes to the Development Process
- PEP 343: The 'with' statement
- PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
- PEP 370: Per-user
site-packagesDirectory - PEP 371: The
multiprocessingPackage - PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
- PEP 3105:
printAs a Function - PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
- PEP 3112: Byte Literals
- PEP 3116: New I/O Library
- PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol
- PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
- PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
- PEP 3129: Class Decorators
- PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
- 其他语言特性修改
- New and Improved Modules
- Deprecations and Removals
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.6
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.5
- PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
- PEP 309: Partial Function Application
- PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
- PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
- PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
- PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
- PEP 342: New Generator Features
- PEP 343: The 'with' statement
- PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
- PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
- PEP 357: The '__index__' method
- 其他语言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Removed Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.5
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.4
- PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 289: Generator Expressions
- PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
- PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
- PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
- PEP 324: New subprocess Module
- PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
- PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
- PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
- 其他语言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Build and C API Changes
- Porting to Python 2.4
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.3
- PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 263: Source Code Encodings
- PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives
- PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
- PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
- PEP 279: enumerate()
- PEP 282: The logging Package
- PEP 285: A Boolean Type
- PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
- PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
- PEP 302: New Import Hooks
- PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
- PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
- Extended Slices
- 其他语言特性修改
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator
- Build and C API Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.3
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.2
- 概述
- PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes
- PEP 234: Iterators
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator
- Unicode Changes
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- New and Improved Modules
- Interpreter Changes and Fixes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.1
- 概述
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- PEP 236: __future__ Directives
- PEP 207: Rich Comparisons
- PEP 230: Warning Framework
- PEP 229: New Build System
- PEP 205: Weak References
- PEP 232: Function Attributes
- PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms
- PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook
- PEP 208: New Coercion Model
- PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages
- New and Improved Modules
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What's New in Python 2.0
- 概述
- What About Python 1.6?
- New Development Process
- Unicode
- 列表推导式
- Augmented Assignment
- 字符串的方法
- Garbage Collection of Cycles
- Other Core Changes
- Porting to 2.0
- Extending/Embedding Changes
- Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install
- XML Modules
- Module changes
- New modules
- IDLE Improvements
- Deleted and Deprecated Modules
- Acknowledgements
- 更新日志
- Python 下一版
- Python 3.7.3 final
- Python 3.7.3 发布候选版 1
- Python 3.7.2 最终版
- Python 3.7.2 发布候选版 1
- Python 3.7.1 final
- Python 3.7.1 release candidate 2
- Python 3.7.1 发布候选版 1
- Python 3.7.0 正式版
- Python 3.7.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.7.0 beta 5
- Python 3.7.0 beta 4
- Python 3.7.0 beta 3
- Python 3.7.0 beta 2
- Python 3.7.0 beta 1
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.7.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.6.6 final
- Python 3.6.6 RC 1
- Python 3.6.5 final
- Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.4 final
- Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.3 final
- Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.2 final
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.1 final
- Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 final
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.6.0 beta 4
- Python 3.6.0 beta 3
- Python 3.6.0 beta 2
- Python 3.6.0 beta 1
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.6.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.5.5 final
- Python 3.5.5 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.4 final
- Python 3.5.4 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.3 final
- Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.2 final
- Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.1 final
- Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 final
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2
- Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1
- Python 3.5.0 beta 4
- Python 3.5.0 beta 3
- Python 3.5.0 beta 2
- Python 3.5.0 beta 1
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 4
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 3
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 2
- Python 3.5.0 alpha 1
- Python 3.7 有什么新变化
- Python 教程
- 安装和使用 Python
- Python 语言参考
- 1. 概述
- 2. 词法分析
- 3. 数据模型
- 4. 执行模型
- 5. 导入系统
- 6. 表达式
- 7. 简单语句
- 8. 复合语句
- 9. 最高层级组件
- 10. 完整的语法规范
- Python 标准库
- 概述
- 内置函数
- 内置常量
- 内置类型
- 内置异常
- 文本处理服务
- 二进制数据服务
- 数据类型
datetime--- 基础日期/时间数据类型calendar--- General calendar-related functionscollections--- 容器数据类型collections.abc--- 容器的抽象基类heapq--- Heap queue algorithmbisect--- Array bisection algorithmarray--- Efficient arrays of numeric valuesweakref--- 弱引用types--- Dynamic type creation and names for built-in typescopy--- 浅层 (shallow) 和深层 (deep) 复制操作pprint--- 数据美化输出reprlib--- Alternaterepr()implementationenum--- Support for enumerations- 模块内容
- Creating an Enum
- Programmatic access to enumeration members and their attributes
- Duplicating enum members and values
- Ensuring unique enumeration values
- Using automatic values
- Iteration
- 比较
- Allowed members and attributes of enumerations
- Restricted Enum subclassing
- Pickling
- Functional API
- Derived Enumerations
- Interesting examples
- How are Enums different?
- 数字和数学模块
- 函数式编程模块
- 文件和目录访问
pathlib--- 面向对象的文件系统路径os.path--- 常见路径操作fileinput--- Iterate over lines from multiple input streamsstat--- Interpretingstat()resultsfilecmp--- File and Directory Comparisonstempfile--- Generate temporary files and directoriesglob--- Unix style pathname pattern expansionfnmatch--- Unix filename pattern matchinglinecache--- Random access to text linesshutil--- High-level file operationsmacpath--- Mac OS 9 路径操作函数
- 数据持久化
pickle—— Python 对象序列化copyreg--- Registerpicklesupport functionsshelve--- Python object persistencemarshal--- Internal Python object serializationdbm--- Interfaces to Unix "databases"sqlite3--- SQLite 数据库 DB-API 2.0 接口模块
- 数据压缩和存档
- 文件格式
- 加密服务
- 通用操作系统服务
os--- 操作系统接口模块io--- 处理流的核心工具time--- 时间的访问和转换argparse--- 命令行选项、参数和子命令解析器getopt--- C-style parser for command line optionslogging--- Logging facility for Pythonlogging.config--- 日志记录配置logging.handlers--- Logging handlersgetpass--- 便携式密码输入工具curses--- 终端字符单元显示的处理curses.textpad--- Text input widget for curses programscurses.ascii--- Utilities for ASCII characterscurses.panel--- A panel stack extension for cursesplatform--- Access to underlying platform's identifying dataerrno--- Standard errno system symbolsctypes--- Python 的外部函数库- ctypes 教程
- 载入动态连接库
- 操作导入的动态链接库中的函数
- 调用函数
- 基础数据类型
- 调用函数，继续
- 使用自定义的数据类型调用函数
- Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)
- Return types
- Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)
- Structures and unions
- Structure/union alignment and byte order
- Bit fields in structures and unions
- Arrays
- Pointers
- Type conversions
- Incomplete Types
- Callback functions
- Accessing values exported from dlls
- Surprises
- Variable-sized data types
- ctypes reference
- ctypes 教程
- 并发执行
threading--- 基于线程的并行multiprocessing--- 基于进程的并行concurrent包concurrent.futures--- 启动并行任务subprocess--- 子进程管理sched--- 事件调度器queue--- 一个同步的队列类_thread--- 底层多线程 API_dummy_thread---_thread的替代模块dummy_threading--- 可直接替代threading模块。
contextvars--- Context Variables- 网络和进程间通信
asyncio--- 异步 I/Osocket--- 底层网络接口ssl--- TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objectsselect--- Waiting for I/O completionselectors--- 高级 I/O 复用库asyncore--- 异步socket处理器asynchat--- 异步 socket 指令/响应 处理器signal--- Set handlers for asynchronous eventsmmap--- Memory-mapped file support
- 互联网数据处理
email--- 电子邮件与 MIME 处理包email.message: Representing an email messageemail.parser: Parsing email messagesemail.generator: Generating MIME documentsemail.policy: Policy Objectsemail.errors: 异常和缺陷类email.headerregistry: Custom Header Objectsemail.contentmanager: Managing MIME Contentemail: 示例email.message.Message: Representing an email message using thecompat32APIemail.mime: Creating email and MIME objects from scratchemail.header: Internationalized headersemail.charset: Representing character setsemail.encoders: Encodersemail.utils: 其他工具email.iterators: Iterators
json--- JSON 编码和解码器mailcap--- Mailcap file handlingmailbox--- Manipulate mailboxes in various formatsmimetypes--- Map filenames to MIME typesbase64--- Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 数据编码binhex--- 对binhex4文件进行编码和解码binascii--- 二进制和 ASCII 码互转quopri--- Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable datauu--- Encode and decode uuencode files
- 结构化标记处理工具
html--- 超文本标记语言支持html.parser--- 简单的 HTML 和 XHTML 解析器html.entities--- HTML 一般实体的定义- XML处理模块
xml.etree.ElementTree--- The ElementTree XML APIxml.dom--- The Document Object Model APIxml.dom.minidom--- Minimal DOM implementationxml.dom.pulldom--- Support for building partial DOM treesxml.sax--- Support for SAX2 parsersxml.sax.handler--- Base classes for SAX handlersxml.sax.saxutils--- SAX Utilitiesxml.sax.xmlreader--- Interface for XML parsersxml.parsers.expat--- Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 互联网协议和支持
webbrowser--- 方便的Web浏览器控制器cgi--- Common Gateway Interface supportcgitb--- Traceback manager for CGI scriptswsgiref--- WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementationurllib--- URL 处理模块urllib.request--- 用于打开 URL 的可扩展库- Request Objects
- OpenerDirector Objects
- BaseHandler Objects
- HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
- HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
- ProxyHandler Objects
- HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
- HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth Objects
- AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
- HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
- ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
- AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
- HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
- ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
- HTTPHandler Objects
- HTTPSHandler Objects
- FileHandler Objects
- DataHandler Objects
- FTPHandler Objects
- CacheFTPHandler Objects
- UnknownHandler Objects
- HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
- 示例
- Legacy interface
urllib.requestRestrictions
urllib.response--- Response classes used by urlliburllib.parse--- Parse URLs into componentsurllib.error--- Exception classes raised by urllib.requesturllib.robotparser--- Parser for robots.txthttp--- HTTP 模块- http.client --- HTTP协议客户端
ftplib--- FTP protocol clientpoplib--- POP3 protocol clientimaplib--- IMAP4 protocol clientnntplib--- NNTP protocol clientsmtplib---SMTP协议客户端smtpd--- SMTP Servertelnetlib--- Telnet clientuuid--- UUID objects according to RFC 4122socketserver--- A framework for network servershttp.server--- HTTP 服务器http.cookies--- HTTP state managementhttp.cookiejar--- Cookie handling for HTTP clientsxmlrpc--- XMLRPC 服务端与客户端模块xmlrpc.client--- XML-RPC client accessxmlrpc.server--- Basic XML-RPC serversipaddress--- IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
- 多媒体服务
- 国际化
- 程序框架
- Tk图形用户界面(GUI)
tkinter--- Tcl/Tk的Python接口tkinter.ttk--- Tk themed widgetstkinter.tix--- Extension widgets for Tktkinter.scrolledtext--- 滚动文字控件- IDLE
- 其他图形用户界面（GUI）包
- 开发工具
typing--- 类型标注支持pydoc--- Documentation generator and online help systemdoctest--- Test interactive Python examplesunittest--- 单元测试框架unittest.mock--- mock object libraryunittest.mock上手指南- 使用 mock
- Patch Decorators
- Further Examples
- Mocking chained calls
- Partial mocking
- Mocking a Generator Method
- Applying the same patch to every test method
- Mocking Unbound Methods
- Checking multiple calls with mock
- Coping with mutable arguments
- Nesting Patches
- Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock
- Mock subclasses and their attributes
- Mocking imports with patch.dict
- Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions
- More complex argument matching
- 2to3 - 自动将 Python 2 代码转为 Python 3 代码
test--- Regression tests package for Pythontest.support--- Utilities for the Python test suitetest.support.script_helper--- Utilities for the Python execution tests
- 调试和分析
- 软件打包和分发
- Python运行时服务
sys--- 系统相关的参数和函数sysconfig--- Provide access to Python's configuration informationbuiltins--- 内建对象__main__--- 顶层脚本环境warnings--- Warning controldataclasses--- 数据类contextlib--- Utilities forwith-statement contextsabc--- 抽象基类atexit--- 退出处理器traceback--- Print or retrieve a stack traceback__future__--- Future 语句定义gc--- 垃圾回收器接口inspect--- 检查对象site--- Site-specific configuration hook
- 自定义 Python 解释器
- 导入模块
zipimport--- Import modules from Zip archivespkgutil--- Package extension utilitymodulefinder--- 查找脚本使用的模块runpy--- Locating and executing Python modulesimportlib--- The implementation ofimport
- Python 语言服务
parser--- Access Python parse treesast--- 抽象语法树symtable--- Access to the compiler's symbol tablessymbol--- 与 Python 解析树一起使用的常量token--- 与Python解析树一起使用的常量keyword--- 检验Python关键字tokenize--- Tokenizer for Python sourcetabnanny--- 模糊缩进检测pyclbr--- Python class browser supportpy_compile--- Compile Python source filescompileall--- Byte-compile Python librariesdis--- Python 字节码反汇编器pickletools--- Tools for pickle developers
- 杂项服务
- Windows系统相关模块
- Unix 专有服务
posix--- The most common POSIX system callspwd--- 用户密码数据库spwd--- The shadow password databasegrp--- The group databasecrypt--- Function to check Unix passwordstermios--- POSIX style tty controltty--- 终端控制功能pty--- Pseudo-terminal utilitiesfcntl--- Thefcntlandioctlsystem callspipes--- Interface to shell pipelinesresource--- Resource usage informationnis--- Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)- Unix syslog 库例程
- 被取代的模块
optparse--- Parser for command line options- Background
- 教程
- Reference Guide
- Option Callbacks
- Defining a callback option
- How callbacks are called
- Raising errors in a callback
- Callback example 1: trivial callback
- Callback example 2: check option order
- Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)
- Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition
- Callback example 5: fixed arguments
- Callback example 6: variable arguments
- Extending
optparse
imp--- Access theimportinternals
- 未创建文档的模块
- 扩展和嵌入 Python 解释器
- Python/C API 参考手册
- 概述
- 稳定的应用程序二进制接口
- The Very High Level Layer
- Reference Counting
- 异常处理
- 工具
- 抽象对象层
- Concrete Objects Layer
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- Before Python Initialization
- Global configuration variables
- Initializing and finalizing the interpreter
- Process-wide parameters
- Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
- Sub-interpreter support
- Asynchronous Notifications
- Profiling and Tracing
- Advanced Debugger Support
- Thread Local Storage Support
- 内存管理
- 对象实现支持
- API 和 ABI 版本管理
- 分发 Python 模块
- 安装 Python 模块
- Python 常用指引
- 将 Python 2 代码迁移到 Python 3
- 简要说明
- 详情
- Drop support for Python 2.6 and older
- Make sure you specify the proper version support in your
setup.pyfile - Have good test coverage
- Learn the differences between Python 2 & 3
- Update your code
- Prevent compatibility regressions
- Check which dependencies block your transition
- Update your
setup.pyfile to denote Python 3 compatibility - Use continuous integration to stay compatible
- Consider using optional static type checking
- 将扩展模块移植到 Python 3
- Curses Programming with Python
- 实现描述器
- 函数式编程指引
- 日志 HOWTO
- 日志操作手册
- 在多个模块中使用日志
- 在多线程中使用日志
- 使用多个日志处理器和多种格式化
- 在多个地方记录日志
- 日志服务器配置示例
- 处理日志处理器的阻塞
- Sending and receiving logging events across a network
- Adding contextual information to your logging output
- Logging to a single file from multiple processes
- Using file rotation
- Use of alternative formatting styles
- Customizing
LogRecord - Subclassing QueueHandler - a ZeroMQ example
- Subclassing QueueListener - a ZeroMQ example
- An example dictionary-based configuration
- Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing
- A more elaborate multiprocessing example
- Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
- Implementing structured logging
- Customizing handlers with
dictConfig() - Using particular formatting styles throughout your application
- Configuring filters with
dictConfig() - Customized exception formatting
- Speaking logging messages
- Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally
- Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration
- Using a context manager for selective logging
- 正则表达式HOWTO
- 套接字编程指南
- 排序指南
- Unicode 指南
- 如何使用urllib包获取网络资源
- Argparse 教程
- ipaddress模块介绍
- Argument Clinic How-To
- The Goals Of Argument Clinic
- Basic Concepts And Usage
- Converting Your First Function
- Advanced Topics
- Symbolic default values
- Renaming the C functions and variables generated by Argument Clinic
- Converting functions using PyArg_UnpackTuple
- Optional Groups
- Using real Argument Clinic converters, instead of "legacy converters"
- Py_buffer
- Advanced converters
- Parameter default values
- The
NULLdefault value - Expressions specified as default values
- Using a return converter
- Cloning existing functions
- Calling Python code
- Using a "self converter"
- Writing a custom converter
- Writing a custom return converter
- METH_O and METH_NOARGS
- tp_new and tp_init functions
- Changing and redirecting Clinic's output
- The #ifdef trick
- Using Argument Clinic in Python files
- 使用 DTrace 和 SystemTap 检测CPython
- 将 Python 2 代码迁移到 Python 3
- Python 常见问题
- Python常见问题
- 编程常见问题
- 设计和历史常见问题
- 为什么Python使用缩进来分组语句？
- 为什么简单的算术运算得到奇怪的结果？
- 为什么浮点计算不准确？
- 为什么Python字符串是不可变的？
- 为什么必须在方法定义和调用中显式使用“self”？
- 为什么不能在表达式中赋值？
- 为什么Python对某些功能（例如list.index()）使用方法来实现，而其他功能（例如len(List)）使用函数实现？
- 为什么 join()是一个字符串方法而不是列表或元组方法？
- 异常有多快？
- 为什么Python中没有switch或case语句？
- 难道不能在解释器中模拟线程，而非得依赖特定于操作系统的线程实现吗？
- 为什么lambda表达式不能包含语句？
- 可以将Python编译为机器代码，C或其他语言吗？
- Python如何管理内存？
- 为什么CPython不使用更传统的垃圾回收方案？
- CPython退出时为什么不释放所有内存？
- 为什么有单独的元组和列表数据类型？
- 列表是如何在CPython中实现的？
- 字典是如何在CPython中实现的？
- 为什么字典key必须是不可变的？
- 为什么 list.sort() 没有返回排序列表？
- 如何在Python中指定和实施接口规范？
- 为什么没有goto？
- 为什么原始字符串（r-strings）不能以反斜杠结尾？
- 为什么Python没有属性赋值的“with”语句？
- 为什么 if/while/def/class语句需要冒号？
- 为什么Python在列表和元组的末尾允许使用逗号？
- 代码库和插件 FAQ
- 扩展/嵌入常见问题
- 可以使用C语言中创建自己的函数吗？
- 可以使用C++语言中创建自己的函数吗？
- C很难写，有没有其他选择？
- 如何从C执行任意Python语句？
- 如何从C中评估任意Python表达式？
- 如何从Python对象中提取C的值？
- 如何使用Py_BuildValue()创建任意长度的元组？
- 如何从C调用对象的方法？
- 如何捕获PyErr_Print()（或打印到stdout / stderr的任何内容）的输出？
- 如何从C访问用Python编写的模块？
- 如何从Python接口到C ++对象？
- 我使用Setup文件添加了一个模块，为什么make失败了？
- 如何调试扩展？
- 我想在Linux系统上编译一个Python模块，但是缺少一些文件。为什么?
- 如何区分“输入不完整”和“输入无效”？
- 如何找到未定义的g++符号__builtin_new或__pure_virtual？
- 能否创建一个对象类，其中部分方法在C中实现，而其他方法在Python中实现（例如通过继承）？
- Python在Windows上的常见问题
- 图形用户界面（GUI）常见问题
- “为什么我的电脑上安装了 Python ？”
- 术语对照表
- 文档说明
- 解决 Bug
- 版权
- 历史和许可证