Trait std::convert::From

pub trait From<T> {
    fn from(T) -> Self;
}

Used to do value-to-value conversions while consuming the input value. It is the reciprocal of Into.

One should always prefer implementing From over Into because implementing From automatically provides one with a implementation of Into thanks to the blanket implementation in the standard library.

Only implement Into if a conversion to a type outside the current crate is required. From cannot do these type of conversions because of Rust's orphaning rules. See Into for more details.

Prefer using Into over using From when specifying trait bounds on a generic function. This way, types that directly implement Into can be used as arguments as well.

The From is also very useful when performing error handling. When constructing a function that is capable of failing, the return type will generally be of the form Result<T, E>. The From trait simplifies error handling by allowing a function to return a single error type that encapsulate multiple error types. See the "Examples" section and the book for more details.

Note: This trait must not fail. If the conversion can fail, use TryFrom.

Generic Implementations

• From<T> for U implies Into<U> for T
• From is reflexive, which means that From<T> for T is implemented

Examples

String implements From<&str>:

An explicit conversion from a &str to a String is done as follows:

let string = "hello".to_string();
let other_string = String::from("hello");

assert_eq!(string, other_string);

While performing error handling it is often useful to implement From for your own error type. By converting underlying error types to our own custom error type that encapsulates the underlying error type, we can return a single error type without losing information on the underlying cause. The '?' operator automatically converts the underlying error type to our custom error type by calling Into<CliError>::into which is automatically provided when implementing From. The compiler then infers which implementation of Into should be used.

use std::fs;
use std::io;
use std::num;

enum CliError {
    IoError(io::Error),
    ParseError(num::ParseIntError),
}

impl From<io::Error> for CliError {
    fn from(error: io::Error) -> Self {
        CliError::IoError(error)
    }
}

impl From<num::ParseIntError> for CliError {
    fn from(error: num::ParseIntError) -> Self {
        CliError::ParseError(error)
    }
}

fn open_and_parse_file(file_name: &str) -> Result<i32, CliError> {
    let mut contents = fs::read_to_string(&file_name)?;
    let num: i32 = contents.trim().parse()?;
    Ok(num)
}

Required methods

fn from(T) -> Self

Performs the conversion.

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Implementors

impl From<Infallible> for TryFromSliceError

fn from(x: Infallible) -> TryFromSliceError

impl From<Infallible> for TryFromIntError

fn from(x: Infallible) -> TryFromIntError

impl From<ErrorKind> for Error

Intended for use for errors not exposed to the user, where allocating onto the heap (for normal construction via Error::new) is too costly.

fn from(kind: ErrorKind) -> Error

Converts an ErrorKind into an Error.

This conversion allocates a new error with a simple representation of error kind.

Examples

use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind};

let not_found = ErrorKind::NotFound;
let error = Error::from(not_found);
assert_eq!("entity not found", format!("{}", error));

impl From<[u16; 8]> for IpAddr

fn from(segments: [u16; 8]) -> IpAddr

Creates an IpAddr::V6 from an eight element 16-bit array.

Examples

use std::net::{IpAddr, Ipv6Addr};

let addr = IpAddr::from([
    525u16, 524u16, 523u16, 522u16,
    521u16, 520u16, 519u16, 518u16,
]);
assert_eq!(
    IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::new(
        0x20d, 0x20c,
        0x20b, 0x20a,
        0x209, 0x208,
        0x207, 0x206
    )),
    addr
);

impl From<[u16; 8]> for Ipv6Addr

fn from(segments: [u16; 8]) -> Ipv6Addr

impl From<[u8; 4]> for IpAddr

fn from(octets: [u8; 4]) -> IpAddr

Creates an IpAddr::V4 from a four element byte array.

Examples

use std::net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr};

let addr = IpAddr::from([13u8, 12u8, 11u8, 10u8]);
assert_eq!(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(13, 12, 11, 10)), addr);

impl From<[u8; 16]> for IpAddr

fn from(octets: [u8; 16]) -> IpAddr

Creates an IpAddr::V6 from a sixteen element byte array.

Examples

use std::net::{IpAddr, Ipv6Addr};

let addr = IpAddr::from([
    25u8, 24u8, 23u8, 22u8, 21u8, 20u8, 19u8, 18u8,
    17u8, 16u8, 15u8, 14u8, 13u8, 12u8, 11u8, 10u8,
]);
assert_eq!(
    IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::new(
        0x1918, 0x1716,
        0x1514, 0x1312,
        0x1110, 0x0f0e,
        0x0d0c, 0x0b0a
    )),
    addr
);

impl From<[u8; 16]> for Ipv6Addr

fn from(octets: [u8; 16]) -> Ipv6Addr

impl From<[u8; 4]> for Ipv4Addr

fn from(octets: [u8; 4]) -> Ipv4Addr

Examples

use std::net::Ipv4Addr;

let addr = Ipv4Addr::from([13u8, 12u8, 11u8, 10u8]);
assert_eq!(Ipv4Addr::new(13, 12, 11, 10), addr);

impl From<bool> for i128

Converts a bool to a i128. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(i128::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(i128::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> i128

impl From<bool> for i16

Converts a bool to a i16. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(i16::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(i16::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> i16

impl From<bool> for i32

Converts a bool to a i32. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(i32::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(i32::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> i32

impl From<bool> for i64

Converts a bool to a i64. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(i64::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(i64::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> i64

impl From<bool> for i8

Converts a bool to a i8. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(i8::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(i8::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> i8

impl From<bool> for isize

Converts a bool to a isize. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(isize::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(isize::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> isize

impl From<bool> for u128

Converts a bool to a u128. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(u128::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(u128::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> u128

impl From<bool> for u16

Converts a bool to a u16. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(u16::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(u16::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> u16

impl From<bool> for u32

Converts a bool to a u32. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(u32::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(u32::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> u32

impl From<bool> for u64

Converts a bool to a u64. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(u64::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(u64::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> u64

impl From<bool> for u8

Converts a bool to a u8. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(u8::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(u8::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> u8

impl From<bool> for usize

Converts a bool to a usize. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(usize::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(usize::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> usize

impl From<bool> for AtomicBool

fn from(b: bool) -> AtomicBool

Converts a bool into an AtomicBool.

Examples

use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
let atomic_bool = AtomicBool::from(true);
assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", atomic_bool), "true")

impl From<char> for u32

fn from(c: char) -> u32

Converts a char into a u32.

Examples

use std::mem;

fn main() {
    let c = 'c';
    let u = u32::from(c);
    assert!(4 == mem::size_of_val(&u))
}

impl From<f32> for f64

Converts f32 to f64 losslessly.

fn from(small: f32) -> f64

impl From<i16> for isize

Converts i16 to isize losslessly.

fn from(small: i16) -> isize

impl From<i16> for f32

Converts i16 to f32 losslessly.

fn from(small: i16) -> f32

impl From<i16> for f64

Converts i16 to f64 losslessly.

fn from(small: i16) -> f64

impl From<i16> for i128

Converts i16 to i128 losslessly.

fn from(small: i16) -> i128

impl From<i16> for i32

Converts i16 to i32 losslessly.

fn from(small: i16) -> i32

impl From<i16> for i64

Converts i16 to i64 losslessly.

fn from(small: i16) -> i64

impl From<i16> for AtomicI16

fn from(v: i16) -> AtomicI16

Converts an i16 into an AtomicI16.

impl From<i32> for f64

Converts i32 to f64 losslessly.

fn from(small: i32) -> f64

impl From<i32> for i128

Converts i32 to i128 losslessly.

fn from(small: i32) -> i128

impl From<i32> for i64

Converts i32 to i64 losslessly.

fn from(small: i32) -> i64

impl From<i32> for AtomicI32

fn from(v: i32) -> AtomicI32

Converts an i32 into an AtomicI32.

impl From<i64> for i128

Converts i64 to i128 losslessly.

fn from(small: i64) -> i128

impl From<i64> for AtomicI64

fn from(v: i64) -> AtomicI64

Converts an i64 into an AtomicI64.

impl From<i8> for isize

Converts i8 to isize losslessly.

fn from(small: i8) -> isize

impl From<i8> for f32

Converts i8 to f32 losslessly.

fn from(small: i8) -> f32

impl From<i8> for f64

Converts i8 to f64 losslessly.

fn from(small: i8) -> f64

impl From<i8> for i128

Converts i8 to i128 losslessly.

fn from(small: i8) -> i128

impl From<i8> for i16

Converts i8 to i16 losslessly.

fn from(small: i8) -> i16

impl From<i8> for i32

Converts i8 to i32 losslessly.

fn from(small: i8) -> i32

impl From<i8> for i64

Converts i8 to i64 losslessly.

fn from(small: i8) -> i64

impl From<i8> for AtomicI8

fn from(v: i8) -> AtomicI8

Converts an i8 into an AtomicI8.

impl From<isize> for AtomicIsize

fn from(v: isize) -> AtomicIsize

Converts an isize into an AtomicIsize.

impl From<!> for Infallible

fn from(x: !) -> Infallible

impl From<!> for TryFromIntError

fn from(never: !) -> TryFromIntError

impl From<u128> for Ipv6Addr

fn from(ip: u128) -> Ipv6Addr

Convert a host byte order u128 into an Ipv6Addr.

Examples

use std::net::Ipv6Addr;

let addr = Ipv6Addr::from(0x102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F00D_u128);
assert_eq!(
    Ipv6Addr::new(
        0x1020, 0x3040, 0x5060, 0x7080,
        0x90A0, 0xB0C0, 0xD0E0, 0xF00D,
    ),
    addr);

impl From<u16> for usize

Converts u16 to usize losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> usize

impl From<u16> for f32

Converts u16 to f32 losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> f32

impl From<u16> for f64

Converts u16 to f64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> f64

impl From<u16> for i128

Converts u16 to i128 losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> i128

impl From<u16> for i32

Converts u16 to i32 losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> i32

impl From<u16> for i64

Converts u16 to i64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> i64

impl From<u16> for u128

Converts u16 to u128 losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> u128

impl From<u16> for u32

Converts u16 to u32 losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> u32

impl From<u16> for u64

Converts u16 to u64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> u64

impl From<u16> for AtomicU16

fn from(v: u16) -> AtomicU16

Converts an u16 into an AtomicU16.

impl From<u32> for f64

Converts u32 to f64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u32) -> f64

impl From<u32> for i128

Converts u32 to i128 losslessly.

fn from(small: u32) -> i128

impl From<u32> for i64

Converts u32 to i64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u32) -> i64

impl From<u32> for u128

Converts u32 to u128 losslessly.

fn from(small: u32) -> u128

impl From<u32> for u64

Converts u32 to u64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u32) -> u64

impl From<u32> for Ipv4Addr

fn from(ip: u32) -> Ipv4Addr

Converts a host byte order u32 into an Ipv4Addr.

Examples

use std::net::Ipv4Addr;

let addr = Ipv4Addr::from(0x0d0c0b0au32);
assert_eq!(Ipv4Addr::new(13, 12, 11, 10), addr);

impl From<u32> for AtomicU32

fn from(v: u32) -> AtomicU32

Converts an u32 into an AtomicU32.

impl From<u64> for i128

Converts u64 to i128 losslessly.

fn from(small: u64) -> i128

impl From<u64> for u128

Converts u64 to u128 losslessly.

fn from(small: u64) -> u128

impl From<u64> for AtomicU64

fn from(v: u64) -> AtomicU64

Converts an u64 into an AtomicU64.

impl From<u8> for char

Maps a byte in 0x00...0xFF to a char whose code point has the same value, in U+0000 to U+00FF.

Unicode is designed such that this effectively decodes bytes with the character encoding that IANA calls ISO-8859-1. This encoding is compatible with ASCII.

Note that this is different from ISO/IEC 8859-1 a.k.a. ISO 8859-1 (with one less hyphen), which leaves some "blanks", byte values that are not assigned to any character. ISO-8859-1 (the IANA one) assigns them to the C0 and C1 control codes.

Note that this is also different from Windows-1252 a.k.a. code page 1252, which is a superset ISO/IEC 8859-1 that assigns some (not all!) blanks to punctuation and various Latin characters.

To confuse things further, on the Web ascii, iso-8859-1, and windows-1252 are all aliases for a superset of Windows-1252 that fills the remaining blanks with corresponding C0 and C1 control codes.

fn from(i: u8) -> char

Converts a u8 into a char.

Examples

use std::mem;

fn main() {
    let u = 32 as u8;
    let c = char::from(u);
    assert!(4 == mem::size_of_val(&c))
}

impl From<u8> for usize

Converts u8 to usize losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> usize

impl From<u8> for isize

Converts u8 to isize losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> isize

impl From<u8> for f32

Converts u8 to f32 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> f32

impl From<u8> for f64

Converts u8 to f64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> f64

impl From<u8> for i128

Converts u8 to i128 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> i128

impl From<u8> for i16

Converts u8 to i16 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> i16

impl From<u8> for i32

Converts u8 to i32 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> i32

impl From<u8> for i64

Converts u8 to i64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> i64

impl From<u8> for u128

Converts u8 to u128 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> u128

impl From<u8> for u16

Converts u8 to u16 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> u16

impl From<u8> for u32

Converts u8 to u32 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> u32

impl From<u8> for u64

Converts u8 to u64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> u64

impl From<u8> for AtomicU8

fn from(v: u8) -> AtomicU8

Converts an u8 into an AtomicU8.

impl From<usize> for AtomicUsize

fn from(v: usize) -> AtomicUsize

Converts an usize into an AtomicUsize.

impl From<AllocErr> for CollectionAllocErr

fn from(AllocErr) -> CollectionAllocErr

impl From<LayoutErr> for CollectionAllocErr

fn from(LayoutErr) -> CollectionAllocErr

impl From<Box<str>> for Box<[u8]>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(s: Box<str>) -> Box<[u8]>

Converts a Box<str>> into a Box<[u8]>

This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.

Examples

// create a Box<str> which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from("hello");
let boxed_str: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(boxed);

// create a &[u8] which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let slice: &[u8] = &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111];
let boxed_slice = Box::from(slice);

assert_eq!(boxed_slice, boxed_str);

impl From<Box<str>> for String

fn from(s: Box<str>) -> String

Converts the given boxed str slice to a String. It is notable that the str slice is owned.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s1: String = String::from("hello world");
let s2: Box<str> = s1.into_boxed_str();
let s3: String = String::from(s2);

assert_eq!("hello world", s3)

impl From<Box<CStr>> for CString

fn from(s: Box<CStr>) -> CString

Converts a Box<CStr> into a CString without copying or allocating.

impl From<Box<OsStr>> for OsString

fn from(boxed: Box<OsStr>) -> OsString

Converts a Box<OsStr> into a OsString without copying or allocating.

impl From<Box<Path>> for PathBuf

fn from(boxed: Box<Path>) -> PathBuf

Converts a Box<Path> into a PathBuf

This conversion does not allocate or copy memory.

impl From<CString> for Box<CStr>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(s: CString) -> Box<CStr>

Converts a CString into a Box<CStr> without copying or allocating.

impl From<CString> for Rc<CStr>

fn from(s: CString) -> Rc<CStr>

Converts a CString into a Rc<CStr> without copying or allocating.

impl From<CString> for Arc<CStr>

fn from(s: CString) -> Arc<CStr>

Converts a CString into a Arc<CStr> without copying or allocating.

impl From<CString> for Vec<u8>

Important traits for Vec<u8>

impl Write for Vec<u8>

fn from(s: CString) -> Vec<u8>

Converts a CString into a Vec<u8>.

The conversion consumes the CString, and removes the terminating NUL byte.

impl From<NulError> for Error

fn from(_: NulError) -> Error

Converts a NulError into a io::Error.

impl From<OsString> for Box<OsStr>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(s: OsString) -> Box<OsStr>

Converts a OsString into a Box<OsStr> without copying or allocating.

impl From<OsString> for PathBuf

fn from(s: OsString) -> PathBuf

Converts a OsString into a PathBuf

This conversion does not allocate or copy memory.

impl From<OsString> for Rc<OsStr>

fn from(s: OsString) -> Rc<OsStr>

Converts a OsString into a Rc<OsStr> without copying or allocating.

impl From<OsString> for Arc<OsStr>

fn from(s: OsString) -> Arc<OsStr>

Converts a OsString into a Arc<OsStr> without copying or allocating.

impl From<File> for Stdio

fn from(file: File) -> Stdio

Converts a File into a Stdio

Examples

File will be converted to Stdio using Stdio::from under the hood.

use std::fs::File;
use std::process::Command;

// With the `foo.txt` file containing `Hello, world!"
let file = File::open("foo.txt").unwrap();

let reverse = Command::new("rev")
    .stdin(file)  // Implicit File conversion into a Stdio
    .output()
    .expect("failed reverse command");

assert_eq!(reverse.stdout, b"!dlrow ,olleH");

impl From<Ipv4Addr> for IpAddr

fn from(ipv4: Ipv4Addr) -> IpAddr

impl From<Ipv4Addr> for u32

fn from(ip: Ipv4Addr) -> u32

Converts an Ipv4Addr into a host byte order u32.

Examples

use std::net::Ipv4Addr;

let addr = Ipv4Addr::new(13, 12, 11, 10);
assert_eq!(0x0d0c0b0au32, u32::from(addr));

impl From<Ipv6Addr> for IpAddr

fn from(ipv6: Ipv6Addr) -> IpAddr

impl From<Ipv6Addr> for u128

fn from(ip: Ipv6Addr) -> u128

Convert an Ipv6Addr into a host byte order u128.

Examples

use std::net::Ipv6Addr;

let addr = Ipv6Addr::new(
    0x1020, 0x3040, 0x5060, 0x7080,
    0x90A0, 0xB0C0, 0xD0E0, 0xF00D,
);
assert_eq!(0x102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F00D_u128, u128::from(addr));

impl From<SocketAddrV4> for SocketAddr

fn from(sock4: SocketAddrV4) -> SocketAddr

Converts a SocketAddrV4 into a SocketAddr::V4.

impl From<SocketAddrV6> for SocketAddr

fn from(sock6: SocketAddrV6) -> SocketAddr

Converts a SocketAddrV6 into a SocketAddr::V6.

impl From<NonZeroI128> for i128

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroI128) -> i128

impl From<NonZeroI16> for i16

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroI16) -> i16

impl From<NonZeroI32> for i32

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroI32) -> i32

impl From<NonZeroI64> for i64

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroI64) -> i64

impl From<NonZeroI8> for i8

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroI8) -> i8

impl From<NonZeroIsize> for isize

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroIsize) -> isize

impl From<NonZeroU128> for u128

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroU128) -> u128

impl From<NonZeroU16> for u16

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroU16) -> u16

impl From<NonZeroU32> for u32

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroU32) -> u32

impl From<NonZeroU64> for u64

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroU64) -> u64

impl From<NonZeroU8> for u8

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroU8) -> u8

impl From<NonZeroUsize> for usize

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroUsize) -> usize

impl From<PathBuf> for Box<Path>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(p: PathBuf) -> Box<Path>

Converts a PathBuf into a Box<Path>

This conversion currently should not allocate memory, but this behavior is not guaranteed on all platforms or in all future versions.

impl From<PathBuf> for OsString

fn from(path_buf: PathBuf) -> OsString

Converts a PathBuf into a OsString

This conversion does not allocate or copy memory.

impl From<PathBuf> for Rc<Path>

fn from(s: PathBuf) -> Rc<Path>

Converts a Path into a Rc by copying the Path data into a new Rc buffer.

impl From<PathBuf> for Arc<Path>

fn from(s: PathBuf) -> Arc<Path>

Converts a Path into a Rc by copying the Path data into a new Rc buffer.

impl From<ChildStderr> for Stdio

fn from(child: ChildStderr) -> Stdio

Converts a ChildStderr into a Stdio

Examples

use std::process::{Command, Stdio};

let reverse = Command::new("rev")
    .arg("non_existing_file.txt")
    .stderr(Stdio::piped())
    .spawn()
    .expect("failed reverse command");

let cat = Command::new("cat")
    .arg("-")
    .stdin(reverse.stderr.unwrap()) // Converted into a Stdio here
    .output()
    .expect("failed echo command");

assert_eq!(
    String::from_utf8_lossy(&cat.stdout),
    "rev: cannot open non_existing_file.txt: No such file or directory\n"
);

impl From<ChildStdin> for Stdio

fn from(child: ChildStdin) -> Stdio

Converts a ChildStdin into a Stdio

Examples

ChildStdin will be converted to Stdio using Stdio::from under the hood.

use std::process::{Command, Stdio};

let reverse = Command::new("rev")
    .stdin(Stdio::piped())
    .spawn()
    .expect("failed reverse command");

let _echo = Command::new("echo")
    .arg("Hello, world!")
    .stdout(reverse.stdin.unwrap()) // Converted into a Stdio here
    .output()
    .expect("failed echo command");

// "!dlrow ,olleH" echoed to console

impl From<ChildStdout> for Stdio

fn from(child: ChildStdout) -> Stdio

Converts a ChildStdout into a Stdio

Examples

ChildStdout will be converted to Stdio using Stdio::from under the hood.

use std::process::{Command, Stdio};

let hello = Command::new("echo")
    .arg("Hello, world!")
    .stdout(Stdio::piped())
    .spawn()
    .expect("failed echo command");

let reverse = Command::new("rev")
    .stdin(hello.stdout.unwrap())  // Converted into a Stdio here
    .output()
    .expect("failed reverse command");

assert_eq!(reverse.stdout, b"!dlrow ,olleH\n");

impl From<String> for Box<str>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(s: String) -> Box<str>

Converts the given String to a boxed str slice that is owned.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s1: String = String::from("hello world");
let s2: Box<str> = Box::from(s1);
let s3: String = String::from(s2);

assert_eq!("hello world", s3)

impl From<String> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(err: String) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>

Converts a String into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
let a_boxed_error = Box::<Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_string_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl From<String> for Box<dyn Error>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(str_err: String) -> Box<dyn Error>

Converts a String into a box of dyn Error.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
let a_boxed_error = Box::<Error>::from(a_string_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl From<String> for OsString

fn from(s: String) -> OsString

Converts a String into a OsString.

The conversion copies the data, and includes an allocation on the heap.

impl From<String> for PathBuf

fn from(s: String) -> PathBuf

Converts a String into a PathBuf

This conversion does not allocate or copy memory.

impl From<String> for Rc<str>

fn from(v: String) -> Rc<str>

impl From<String> for Arc<str>

fn from(v: String) -> Arc<str>

impl From<String> for Vec<u8>

Important traits for Vec<u8>

impl Write for Vec<u8>

fn from(string: String) -> Vec<u8>

Converts the given String to a vector Vec that holds values of type u8.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s1 = String::from("hello world");
let v1 = Vec::from(s1);

for b in v1 {
    println!("{}", b);
}

impl From<RecvError> for RecvTimeoutError

fn from(err: RecvError) -> RecvTimeoutError

impl From<RecvError> for TryRecvError

fn from(err: RecvError) -> TryRecvError

impl<'_> From<&'_ str> for Box<str>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(s: &str) -> Box<str>

Converts a &str into a Box<str>

This conversion allocates on the heap and performs a copy of s.

Examples

let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from("hello");
println!("{}", boxed);

impl<'_> From<&'_ str> for Box<dyn Error>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error>

Converts a str into a box of dyn Error.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_str_error = "a str error";
let a_boxed_error = Box::<Error>::from(a_str_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl<'_> From<&'_ str> for Rc<str>

fn from(v: &str) -> Rc<str>

impl<'_> From<&'_ str> for String

fn from(s: &str) -> String

impl<'_> From<&'_ str> for Arc<str>

fn from(v: &str) -> Arc<str>

impl<'_> From<&'_ str> for Vec<u8>

Important traits for Vec<u8>

impl Write for Vec<u8>

fn from(s: &str) -> Vec<u8>

impl<'_> From<&'_ CStr> for Box<CStr>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(s: &CStr) -> Box<CStr>

impl<'_> From<&'_ CStr> for CString

fn from(s: &CStr) -> CString

impl<'_> From<&'_ CStr> for Rc<CStr>

fn from(s: &CStr) -> Rc<CStr>

impl<'_> From<&'_ CStr> for Arc<CStr>

fn from(s: &CStr) -> Arc<CStr>

impl<'_> From<&'_ OsStr> for Box<OsStr>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(s: &OsStr) -> Box<OsStr>

impl<'_> From<&'_ OsStr> for Rc<OsStr>

fn from(s: &OsStr) -> Rc<OsStr>

impl<'_> From<&'_ OsStr> for Arc<OsStr>

fn from(s: &OsStr) -> Arc<OsStr>

impl<'_> From<&'_ Path> for Box<Path>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(path: &Path) -> Box<Path>

impl<'_> From<&'_ Path> for Rc<Path>

fn from(s: &Path) -> Rc<Path>

Converts a Path into a Rc by copying the Path data into a new Rc buffer.

impl<'_> From<&'_ Path> for Arc<Path>

fn from(s: &Path) -> Arc<Path>

Converts a Path into a Rc by copying the Path data into a new Rc buffer.

impl<'_> From<&'_ String> for String

fn from(s: &String) -> String

impl<'_, T> From<&'_ T> for NonNull<T> where
    T: ?Sized, 

fn from(reference: &T) -> NonNull<T>

impl<'_, T> From<&'_ mut T> for NonNull<T> where
    T: ?Sized, 

fn from(reference: &mut T) -> NonNull<T>

impl<'_, T> From<&'_ [T]> for Box<[T]> where
    T: Copy, 

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(slice: &[T]) -> Box<[T]>

Converts a &[T] into a Box<[T]>

This conversion allocates on the heap and performs a copy of slice.

Examples

// create a &[u8] which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let slice: &[u8] = &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111];
let boxed_slice: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(slice);

println!("{:?}", boxed_slice);

impl<'_, T> From<&'_ [T]> for Rc<[T]> where
    T: Clone, 

fn from(v: &[T]) -> Rc<[T]>

impl<'_, T> From<&'_ [T]> for Arc<[T]> where
    T: Clone, 

fn from(v: &[T]) -> Arc<[T]>

impl<'_, T> From<&'_ [T]> for Vec<T> where
    T: Clone, 

Important traits for Vec<u8>

impl Write for Vec<u8>

fn from(s: &[T]) -> Vec<T>

impl<'_, T> From<&'_ mut [T]> for Vec<T> where
    T: Clone, 

Important traits for Vec<u8>

impl Write for Vec<u8>

fn from(s: &mut [T]) -> Vec<T>

impl<'a> From<&'a str> for Cow<'a, str>

fn from(s: &'a str) -> Cow<'a, str>

impl<'a> From<&'a CStr> for Cow<'a, CStr>

fn from(s: &'a CStr) -> Cow<'a, CStr>

impl<'a> From<&'a CString> for Cow<'a, CStr>

fn from(s: &'a CString) -> Cow<'a, CStr>

impl<'a> From<&'a OsStr> for Cow<'a, OsStr>

fn from(s: &'a OsStr) -> Cow<'a, OsStr>

impl<'a> From<&'a OsString> for Cow<'a, OsStr>

fn from(s: &'a OsString) -> Cow<'a, OsStr>

impl<'a> From<&'a Path> for Cow<'a, Path>

fn from(s: &'a Path) -> Cow<'a, Path>

impl<'a> From<&'a PathBuf> for Cow<'a, Path>

fn from(p: &'a PathBuf) -> Cow<'a, Path>

impl<'a> From<&'a String> for Cow<'a, str>

fn from(s: &'a String) -> Cow<'a, str>

impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, str>> for Box<dyn Error>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(err: Cow<'a, str>) -> Box<dyn Error>

Converts a Cow into a box of dyn Error.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;
use std::borrow::Cow;

let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
let a_boxed_error = Box::<Error>::from(a_cow_str_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, str>> for String

fn from(s: Cow<'a, str>) -> String

impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, CStr>> for CString

fn from(s: Cow<'a, CStr>) -> Self

impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, OsStr>> for OsString

fn from(s: Cow<'a, OsStr>) -> Self

impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, Path>> for PathBuf

fn from(p: Cow<'a, Path>) -> Self

impl<'a> From<CString> for Cow<'a, CStr>

fn from(s: CString) -> Cow<'a, CStr>

impl<'a> From<OsString> for Cow<'a, OsStr>

fn from(s: OsString) -> Cow<'a, OsStr>

impl<'a> From<PathBuf> for Cow<'a, Path>

fn from(s: PathBuf) -> Cow<'a, Path>

impl<'a> From<String> for Cow<'a, str>

fn from(s: String) -> Cow<'a, str>

impl<'a, '_> From<&'_ str> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a>

Converts a str into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;

let a_str_error = "a str error";
let a_boxed_error = Box::<Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_str_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl<'a, 'b> From<Cow<'b, str>> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(err: Cow<'b, str>) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a>

Converts a Cow into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::mem;
use std::borrow::Cow;

let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
let a_boxed_error = Box::<Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_cow_str_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl<'a, E: Error + 'a> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + 'a>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + 'a>

Converts a type of Error into a box of dyn Error.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;
use std::mem;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct AnError;

impl fmt::Display for AnError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f , "An error")
    }
}

impl Error for AnError {
    fn description(&self) -> &str {
        "Description of an error"
    }
}

let an_error = AnError;
assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
let a_boxed_error = Box::<Error>::from(an_error);
assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl<'a, E: Error + Send + Sync + 'a> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a>

Converts a type of Error + Send + Sync into a box of dyn Error + Send + Sync.

Examples

use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;
use std::mem;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct AnError;

impl fmt::Display for AnError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f , "An error")
    }
}

impl Error for AnError {
    fn description(&self) -> &str {
        "Description of an error"
    }
}

unsafe impl Send for AnError {}

unsafe impl Sync for AnError {}

let an_error = AnError;
assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
let a_boxed_error = Box::<Error + Send + Sync>::from(an_error);
assert!(
    mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))

impl<'a, T> From<&'a Option<T>> for Option<&'a T>

fn from(o: &'a Option<T>) -> Option<&'a T>

impl<'a, T> From<&'a Vec<T>> for Cow<'a, [T]> where
    T: Clone, 

fn from(v: &'a Vec<T>) -> Cow<'a, [T]>

impl<'a, T> From<&'a mut Option<T>> for Option<&'a mut T>

fn from(o: &'a mut Option<T>) -> Option<&'a mut T>

impl<'a, T> From<Cow<'a, [T]>> for Vec<T> where
    [T]: ToOwned,
    <[T] as ToOwned>::Owned == Vec<T>, 

Important traits for Vec<u8>

impl Write for Vec<u8>

fn from(s: Cow<'a, [T]>) -> Vec<T>

impl<'a, T> From<&'a [T]> for Cow<'a, [T]> where
    T: Clone, 

fn from(s: &'a [T]) -> Cow<'a, [T]>

impl<'a, T> From<Vec<T>> for Cow<'a, [T]> where
    T: Clone, 

fn from(v: Vec<T>) -> Cow<'a, [T]>

impl<I: Into<IpAddr>> From<(I, u16)> for SocketAddr

fn from(pieces: (I, u16)) -> SocketAddr

Converts a tuple struct (Into<IpAddr>, u16) into a SocketAddr.

This conversion creates a SocketAddr::V4 for a IpAddr::V4 and creates a SocketAddr::V6 for a IpAddr::V6.

u16 is treated as port of the newly created SocketAddr.

impl<T> From<*mut T> for AtomicPtr<T>

fn from(p: *mut T) -> AtomicPtr<T>

impl<T> From<Box<[T]>> for Vec<T>

Important traits for Vec<u8>

impl Write for Vec<u8>

fn from(s: Box<[T]>) -> Vec<T>

impl<T> From<Box<T>> for Pin<Box<T>> where
    T: ?Sized, 

Important traits for Pin<P>

impl<P> Future for Pin<P> where
    P: Unpin + DerefMut,
    <P as Deref>::Target: Future,  type Output = <<P as Deref>::Target as Future>::Output;

fn from(boxed: Box<T>) -> Pin<Box<T>>

Converts a Box<T> into a Pin<Box<T>>

This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.

impl<T> From<Box<T>> for Rc<T> where
    T: ?Sized, 

fn from(v: Box<T>) -> Rc<T>

impl<T> From<Box<T>> for Arc<T> where
    T: ?Sized, 

fn from(v: Box<T>) -> Arc<T>

impl<T> From<BinaryHeap<T>> for Vec<T>

Important traits for Vec<u8>

impl Write for Vec<u8>

fn from(heap: BinaryHeap<T>) -> Vec<T>

impl<T> From<VecDeque<T>> for Vec<T>

Important traits for Vec<u8>

impl Write for Vec<u8>

fn from(other: VecDeque<T>) -> Vec<T>

impl<T> From<SendError<T>> for TrySendError<T>

fn from(err: SendError<T>) -> TrySendError<T>

impl<T> From<PoisonError<T>> for TryLockError<T>

fn from(err: PoisonError<T>) -> TryLockError<T>

impl<T> From<Vec<T>> for Box<[T]>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(v: Vec<T>) -> Box<[T]>

impl<T> From<Vec<T>> for BinaryHeap<T> where
    T: Ord, 

fn from(vec: Vec<T>) -> BinaryHeap<T>

impl<T> From<Vec<T>> for VecDeque<T>

fn from(other: Vec<T>) -> VecDeque<T>

impl<T> From<Vec<T>> for Rc<[T]>

fn from(v: Vec<T>) -> Rc<[T]>

impl<T> From<Vec<T>> for Arc<[T]>

fn from(v: Vec<T>) -> Arc<[T]>

impl<T> From<T> for Option<T>

fn from(val: T) -> Option<T>

impl<T> From<T> for Poll<T>

fn from(t: T) -> Poll<T>

impl<T> From<T> for Box<T>

Important traits for Box<I>

impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<R: Read + ?Sized> Read for Box<R>impl<W: Write + ?Sized> Write for Box<W>

fn from(t: T) -> Box<T>

Converts a generic type T into a Box<T>

The conversion allocates on the heap and moves t from the stack into it.

Examples

let x = 5;
let boxed = Box::new(5);

assert_eq!(Box::from(x), boxed);

impl<T> From<T> for Cell<T>

fn from(t: T) -> Cell<T>

impl<T> From<T> for RefCell<T>

fn from(t: T) -> RefCell<T>

impl<T> From<T> for UnsafeCell<T>

fn from(t: T) -> UnsafeCell<T>

impl<T> From<T> for Rc<T>

fn from(t: T) -> Rc<T>

impl<T> From<T> for Arc<T>

fn from(t: T) -> Arc<T>

impl<T> From<T> for Mutex<T>

fn from(t: T) -> Self

Creates a new mutex in an unlocked state ready for use. This is equivalent to Mutex::new.

impl<T> From<T> for RwLock<T>

fn from(t: T) -> Self

Creates a new instance of an RwLock<T> which is unlocked. This is equivalent to RwLock::new.

impl<T> From<T> for T

fn from(t: T) -> T

impl<T> From<Unique<T>> for NonNull<T> where
    T: ?Sized, 

fn from(unique: Unique<T>) -> NonNull<T>

impl<T: ?Sized + AsRef<OsStr>, '_> From<&'_ T> for OsString

fn from(s: &T) -> OsString

impl<T: ?Sized + AsRef<OsStr>, '_> From<&'_ T> for PathBuf

fn from(s: &T) -> PathBuf

impl<W> From<IntoInnerError<W>> for Error

fn from(iie: IntoInnerError<W>) -> Error

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