Standard library header <memory>

 

C++

Language

Standard Library Headers

Freestanding and hosted implementations

Named requirements

Language support library

Concepts library (C++20)

Diagnostics library

Utilities library

Strings library

Containers library

Iterators library

Ranges library (C++20)

Algorithms library

Numerics library

Input/output library

Localizations library

Regular expressions library (C++11)

Atomic operations library (C++11)

Thread support library (C++11)

Filesystem library (C++17)

Technical Specifications

 

Standard Library headers

Language Support
<cstddef> <limits> <climits> <contract>	<cfloat> <cstdint> <new> <version>	<typeinfo> <exception> <initializer_list>	<csignal> <csetjmp> <cstdarg>
Concepts
<concepts>
Diagnostics
<stdexcept>	<cassert>	<cerrno>	<system_error>
General utilities
<utility> <memory> <memory_resource> <scoped_allocator>     <compare>	<bitset> <tuple> <optional> <any> <variant>	<type_traits> <ratio> <chrono> <typeindex> <functional>	<ctime> <cstdlib>
Strings
<string> <string_view>	<cctype> <cwctype>	<cwchar> <cuchar>	<cstring> <charconv>
Localization
<locale>	<codecvt>	<clocale>
Containers
<span> <array> <vector>	<deque> <forward_list> <list>	<map> <set> <queue>	<unordered_map> <unordered_set> <stack>
Iterators
<iterator>
Ranges
<ranges>
Algorithms
<algorithm>	<execution>
Numerics
<complex> <random>	<valarray> <numeric>	<cfenv> <cmath>	<bit>
Input/Output
<iosfwd> <ios> <iomanip> <streambuf>	<istream> <ostream> <iostream>	<sstream> <fstream> <syncstream>	<cstdio> <cinttypes> <strstream>
Regular expressions
<regex>
Filesystem support
<filesystem>
Thread support
<thread> <atomic>	<mutex> <shared_mutex>	<condition_variable> <future>
C compatibility
<ciso646> <cstdalign>	<cstdbool> <ccomplex>	<ctgmath>

 

This header is part of the dynamic memory management library.

Smart pointers categories
unique_ptr (C++11)	smart pointer with unique object ownership semantics (class template)
shared_ptr (C++11)	smart pointer with shared object ownership semantics (class template)
weak_ptr (C++11)	weak reference to an object managed by std::shared_ptr (class template)
auto_ptr (removed in C++17)	smart pointer with strict object ownership semantics (class template)
Helper classes
owner_less (C++11)	provides mixed-type owner-based ordering of shared and weak pointers (class template)
enable_shared_from_this (C++11)	allows an object to create a shared_ptr referring to itself (class template)
bad_weak_ptr (C++11)	exception thrown when accessing a weak_ptr which refers to already destroyed object (class)
default_delete (C++11)	default deleter for unique_ptr (class template)
Allocators
allocator	the default allocator (class template)
allocator_traits (C++11)	provides information about allocator types (class template)
allocator_arg_t (C++11)	tag type used to select allocator-aware constructor overloads (class)
allocator_arg (C++11)	an object of type std::allocator_arg_t used to select allocator-aware constructors (constant)
uses_allocator (C++11)	checks if the specified type supports uses-allocator construction (class template)
Uninitialized storage
uninitialized_copy	copies a range of objects to an uninitialized area of memory (function template)
uninitialized_copy_n (C++11)	copies a number of objects to an uninitialized area of memory (function template)
uninitialized_fill	copies an object to an uninitialized area of memory, defined by a range (function template)
uninitialized_fill_n	copies an object to an uninitialized area of memory, defined by a start and a count (function template)
uninitialized_move (C++17)	moves a range of objects to an uninitialized area of memory (function template)
uninitialized_move_n (C++17)	moves a number of objects to an uninitialized area of memory (function template)
uninitialized_default_construct (C++17)	constructs objects by default-initialization in an uninitialized area of memory, defined by a range (function template)
uninitialized_default_construct_n (C++17)	constructs objects by default-initialization in an uninitialized area of memory, defined by a start and a count (function template)
uninitialized_value_construct (C++17)	constructs objects by value-initialization in an uninitialized area of memory, defined by a range (function template)
uninitialized_value_construct_n (C++17)	constructs objects by value-initialization in an uninitialized area of memory, defined by a start and a count (function template)
destroy_at (C++17)	destroys an object at a given address (function template)
destroy (C++17)	destroys a range of objects (function template)
destroy_n (C++17)	destroys a number of objects in a range (function template)
raw_storage_iterator (deprecated in C++17)(removed in C++20)	an iterator that allows standard algorithms to store results in uninitialized memory (class template)
get_temporary_buffer (deprecated in C++17)(removed in C++20)	obtains uninitialized storage (function template)
return_temporary_buffer (deprecated in C++17)(removed in C++20)	frees uninitialized storage (function template)
Garbage collector support
declare_reachable (C++11)	declares that an object can not be recycled (function)
undeclare_reachable (C++11)	declares that an object can be recycled (function template)
declare_no_pointers (C++11)	declares that a memory area does not contain traceable pointers (function)
undeclare_no_pointers (C++11)	cancels the effect of std::declare_no_pointers (function)
pointer_safety (C++11)	lists pointer safety models (enum)
get_pointer_safety (C++11)	returns the current pointer safety model (function)
Miscellaneous
pointer_traits (C++11)	provides information about pointer-like types (class template)
to_address (C++20)	obtains a raw pointer from a pointer-like type (function template)
addressof (C++11)	obtains actual address of an object, even if the & operator is overloaded (function template)
align (C++11)	aligns a pointer in a buffer (function)

Smart pointer non-member operations
make_uniquemake_unique_default_init (C++14)(C++20)	creates a unique pointer that manages a new object (function template)
operator==operator!=operator<operator<=operator>operator>=	compares to another unique_ptr or with nullptr (function template)
make_sharedmake_shared_default_init (C++20)	creates a shared pointer that manages a new object (function template)
allocate_sharedallocate_shared_default_init (C++20)	creates a shared pointer that manages a new object allocated using an allocator (function template)
static_pointer_castdynamic_pointer_castconst_pointer_castreinterpret_pointer_cast (C++17)	applies static_cast, dynamic_cast, const_cast, or reinterpret_cast to the stored pointer (function template)
get_deleter	returns the deleter of specified type, if owned (function template)
operator==operator!=operator<operator<=operator>operator>=	compares with another shared_ptr or with nullptr (function template)
operator<<	outputs the value of the stored pointer to an output stream (function template)
std::atomic_is_lock_free(std::shared_ptr)std::atomic_load(std::shared_ptr)std::atomic_load_explicit(std::shared_ptr)std::atomic_store(std::shared_ptr)std::atomic_store_explicit(std::shared_ptr)std::atomic_exchange(std::shared_ptr)std::atomic_exchange_explicit(std::shared_ptr)std::atomic_compare_exchange_weak(std::shared_ptr)std::atomic_compare_exchange_strong(std::shared_ptr)std::atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(std::shared_ptr)std::atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(std::shared_ptr) (deprecated in C++20)	specializes atomic operations for std::shared_ptr (function template)
std::swap(std::unique_ptr) (C++11)	specializes the std::swap algorithm (function template)
std::swap(std::weak_ptr) (C++11)	specializes the std::swap algorithm (function template)
std::swap(std::shared_ptr) (C++11)	specializes the std::swap algorithm (function template)
Smart pointer helper classes
std::hash<std::unique_ptr> (C++11)	hash support for std::unique_ptr (class template specialization)
std::hash<std::shared_ptr> (C++11)	hash support for std::shared_ptr (class template specialization)

Synopsis

namespace std {
  // pointer traits
  template <class Ptr> struct pointer_traits;
  template <class T> struct pointer_traits<T*>;
  // pointer safety
  enum class pointer_safety { relaxed, preferred, strict };
  void declare_reachable(void* p);
  template <class T> T* undeclare_reachable(T* p);
  void declare_no_pointers(char* p, size_t n);
  void undeclare_no_pointers(char* p, size_t n);
  pointer_safety get_pointer_safety() noexcept;
  // pointer alignment function
  void* align(size_t alignment, size_t size, void*& ptr, size_t& space);
  // allocator argument tag
  struct allocator_arg_t { explicit allocator_arg_t() = default; };
  constexpr allocator_arg_t allocator_arg{};
  // uses_allocator
  template <class T, class Alloc> struct uses_allocator;
  // allocator traits
  template <class Alloc> struct allocator_traits;
  // the default allocator
  template <class T> class allocator;
  template <class T, class U>
  bool operator==(const allocator<T>&, const allocator<U>&) noexcept;
  template <class T, class U>
  bool operator!=(const allocator<T>&, const allocator<U>&) noexcept;
  // specialized algorithms
  template <class T> constexpr T* addressof(T& r) noexcept;
  template <class T> const T* addressof(const T&&) = delete;
  template <class ForwardIterator>
  void uninitialized_default_construct(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
  template <class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator>
  void uninitialized_default_construct(ExecutionPolicy&& exec,
                                       ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
  template <class ForwardIterator, class Size>
  ForwardIterator uninitialized_default_construct_n(ForwardIterator first, Size n);
  template <class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator, class Size>
  ForwardIterator uninitialized_default_construct_n(ExecutionPolicy&& exec,
                                                    ForwardIterator first, Size n);
  template <class ForwardIterator>
  void uninitialized_value_construct(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
  template <class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator>
  void uninitialized_value_construct(ExecutionPolicy&& exec,
                                     ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
  template <class ForwardIterator, class Size>
  ForwardIterator uninitialized_value_construct_n(ForwardIterator first, Size n);
  template <class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator, class Size>
  ForwardIterator uninitialized_value_construct_n(ExecutionPolicy&& exec,
                                                  ForwardIterator first, Size n);
  template <class InputIterator, class ForwardIterator>
  ForwardIterator uninitialized_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                                     ForwardIterator result);
  template <class ExecutionPolicy, class InputIterator, class ForwardIterator>
  ForwardIterator uninitialized_copy(ExecutionPolicy&& exec,
                                     InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                                     ForwardIterator result);
  template <class InputIterator, class Size, class ForwardIterator>
  ForwardIterator uninitialized_copy_n(InputIterator first, Size n,
                                       ForwardIterator result);
  template <class ExecutionPolicy, class InputIterator, class Size, class ForwardIterator>
  ForwardIterator uninitialized_copy_n(ExecutionPolicy&& exec,
                                       InputIterator first, Size n,
                                       ForwardIterator result);
  template <class InputIterator, class ForwardIterator>
  ForwardIterator uninitialized_move(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                                     ForwardIterator result);
  template <class ExecutionPolicy, class InputIterator, class ForwardIterator>
  ForwardIterator uninitialized_move(ExecutionPolicy&& exec,
                                     InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                                     ForwardIterator result);
  template <class InputIterator, class Size, class ForwardIterator>
  pair<InputIterator, ForwardIterator>
    uninitialized_move_n(InputIterator first, Size n, ForwardIterator result);
  template <class ExecutionPolicy, class InputIterator, class Size, class ForwardIterator>
  pair<InputIterator, ForwardIterator>
    uninitialized_move_n(ExecutionPolicy&& exec,
                         InputIterator first, Size n, ForwardIterator result);
  template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
  void uninitialized_fill(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& x);
  template <class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator, class T>
  void uninitialized_fill(ExecutionPolicy&& exec,
                          ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& x);
  template <class ForwardIterator, class Size, class T>
  ForwardIterator uninitialized_fill_n(ForwardIterator first, Size n, const T& x);
  template <class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator, class Size, class T>
  ForwardIterator uninitialized_fill_n(ExecutionPolicy&& exec,
                                       ForwardIterator first, Size n, const T& x);
  template <class T>
  void destroy_at(T* location);
  template <class ForwardIterator>
  void destroy(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
  template <class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator>
  void destroy(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
  template <class ForwardIterator, class Size>
  ForwardIterator destroy_n(ForwardIterator first, Size n);
  template <class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator, class Size>
  ForwardIterator destroy_n(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, ForwardIterator first, Size n);
  // class template unique_ptr
  template <class T> struct default_delete;
  template <class T> struct default_delete<T[]>;
  template <class T, class D = default_delete<T>> class unique_ptr;
  template <class T, class D> class unique_ptr<T[], D>;
  template <class T, class... Args> unique_ptr<T> make_unique(Args&&... args);
  template <class T> unique_ptr<T> make_unique(size_t n);
  template <class T, class... Args> /*unspecified*/ make_unique(Args&&...) = delete;
  template <class T, class D> void swap(unique_ptr<T, D>& x, unique_ptr<T, D>& y) noexcept;
  template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
  bool operator==(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
  template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
  bool operator!=(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
  template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
  bool operator<(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
  template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
  bool operator<=(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
  template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
  bool operator>(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
  template <class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2>
  bool operator>=(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
  template <class T, class D>
  bool operator==(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
  template <class T, class D>
  bool operator==(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y) noexcept;
  template <class T, class D>
  bool operator!=(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
  template <class T, class D>
  bool operator!=(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y) noexcept;
  template <class T, class D>
  bool operator<(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t);
  template <class T, class D>
  bool operator<(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y);
  template <class T, class D>
  bool operator<=(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t);
  template <class T, class D>
  bool operator<=(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y);
  template <class T, class D>
  bool operator>(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t);
  template <class T, class D>
  bool operator>(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y);
  template <class T, class D>
  bool operator>=(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t);
  template <class T, class D>
  bool operator>=(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y);
  // class bad_weak_ptr
  class bad_weak_ptr;
  // class template shared_ptr
  template<class T> class shared_ptr;
  // shared_ptr creation
  template<class T, class... Args> shared_ptr<T> make_shared(Args&&... args);
  template<class T, class A, class... Args>
  shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a, Args&&... args);
  // shared_ptr comparisons
  template<class T, class U>
  bool operator==(const shared_ptr<T>& a, const shared_ptr<U>& b) noexcept;
  template<class T, class U>
  bool operator!=(const shared_ptr<T>& a, const shared_ptr<U>& b) noexcept;
  template<class T, class U>
  bool operator<(const shared_ptr<T>& a, const shared_ptr<U>& b) noexcept;
  template<class T, class U>
  bool operator>(const shared_ptr<T>& a, const shared_ptr<U>& b) noexcept;
  template<class T, class U>
  bool operator<=(const shared_ptr<T>& a, const shared_ptr<U>& b) noexcept;
  template<class T, class U>
  bool operator>=(const shared_ptr<T>& a, const shared_ptr<U>& b) noexcept;
  template <class T>
  bool operator==(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
  template <class T>
  bool operator==(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;
  template <class T>
  bool operator!=(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
  template <class T>
  bool operator!=(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;
  template <class T>
  bool operator<(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
  template <class T>
  bool operator<(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;
  template <class T>
  bool operator<=(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
  template <class T>
  bool operator<=(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;
  template <class T>
  bool operator>(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
  template <class T>
  bool operator>(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;
  template <class T>
  bool operator>=(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
  template <class T>
  bool operator>=(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<T>& y) noexcept;
  // shared_ptr specialized algorithms
  template<class T> void swap(shared_ptr<T>& a, shared_ptr<T>& b) noexcept;
  // shared_ptr casts
  template<class T, class U>
  shared_ptr<T> static_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<U>& r) noexcept;
  template<class T, class U>
  shared_ptr<T> dynamic_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<U>& r) noexcept;
  template<class T, class U>
  shared_ptr<T> const_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<U>& r) noexcept;
  // shared_ptr get_deleter
  template<class D, class T> D* get_deleter(const shared_ptr<T>& p) noexcept;
  // shared_ptr I/O
  template<class E, class T, class Y>
  basic_ostream<E, T>& operator<< (basic_ostream<E, T>& os, const shared_ptr<Y>& p);
  // class template weak_ptr
  template<class T> class weak_ptr;
  // weak_ptr specialized algorithms
  template<class T> void swap(weak_ptr<T>& a, weak_ptr<T>& b) noexcept;
  // class template owner_less
  template<class T = void> struct owner_less;
  // class template enable_shared_from_this
  template<class T> class enable_shared_from_this;
  // shared_ptr atomic access
  template<class T>
  bool atomic_is_lock_free(const shared_ptr<T>* p);
  template<class T>
  shared_ptr<T> atomic_load(const shared_ptr<T>* p);
  template<class T>
  shared_ptr<T> atomic_load_explicit(const shared_ptr<T>* p, memory_order mo);
  template<class T>
  void atomic_store(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T> r);
  template<class T>
  void atomic_store_explicit(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T> r, memory_order mo);
  template<class T>
  shared_ptr<T> atomic_exchange(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T> r);
  template<class T>
  shared_ptr<T> atomic_exchange_explicit(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T> r,
                                         memory_order mo);
  template<class T>
  bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T>* v, shared_ptr<T> w);
  template<class T>
  bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T>* v, shared_ptr<T> w);
  template<class T>
  bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T>* v,
                                             shared_ptr<T> w, memory_order success,
                                             memory_order failure);
  template<class T>
  bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(shared_ptr<T>* p, shared_ptr<T>* v,
                                               shared_ptr<T> w, memory_order success, 
                                               memory_order failure);
  // hash support
  template <class T> struct hash;
  template <class T, class D> struct hash<unique_ptr<T, D>>;
  template <class T> struct hash<shared_ptr<T>>;
  // uses_allocator
  template <class T, class Alloc>
  constexpr bool uses_allocator_v = uses_allocator<T, Alloc>::value;
}

Class template std::pointer_traits

namespace std {
  template <class Ptr> struct pointer_traits {
    using pointer = Ptr;
    using element_type = /*see definition*/ ;
    using difference_type = /*see definition*/ ;
    template <class U> using rebind = /*see definition*/ ;
    static pointer pointer_to(/*see definition*/ r);
  };
  template <class T> struct pointer_traits<T*> {
    using pointer = T*;
    using element_type = T;
    using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
    template <class U> using rebind = U*;
    static pointer pointer_to(/*see definition*/ r) noexcept;
  };
}

Class template std::allocator_traits

namespace std {
  template <class Alloc> struct allocator_traits {
    using allocator_type = Alloc;
    using value_type = typename Alloc::value_type;
    using pointer = /*see definition*/ ;
    using const_pointer = /*see definition*/ ;
    using void_pointer = /*see definition*/ ;
    using const_void_pointer = /*see definition*/ ;
    using difference_type = /*see definition*/ ;
    using size_type = /*see definition*/ ;
    using propagate_on_container_copy_assignment = /*see definition*/ ;
    using propagate_on_container_move_assignment = /*see definition*/ ;
    using propagate_on_container_swap = /*see definition*/ ;
    using is_always_equal = /*see definition*/ ;
    template <class T> using rebind_alloc = /*see definition*/ ;
    template <class T> using rebind_traits = allocator_traits<rebind_alloc<T>>;
    static pointer allocate(Alloc& a, size_type n);
    static pointer allocate(Alloc& a, size_type n, const_void_pointer hint);
    static void deallocate(Alloc& a, pointer p, size_type n);
    template <class T, class... Args>
    static void construct(Alloc& a, T* p, Args&&... args);
    template <class T>
    static void destroy(Alloc& a, T* p);
    static size_type max_size(const Alloc& a) noexcept;
    static Alloc select_on_container_copy_construction(const Alloc& rhs);
  };
}

Class template std::allocator

namespace std {
  template <class T> class allocator {
  public:
    using value_type = T;
    using propagate_on_container_move_assignment = true_type;
    using is_always_equal = true_type;
    allocator() noexcept;
    allocator(const allocator&) noexcept;
    template <class U> allocator(const allocator<U>&) noexcept;
    ~allocator();
    T* allocate(size_t n);
    void deallocate(T* p, size_t n);
  };
}

Class template std::default_delete

namespace std {
  template <class T>
  struct default_delete {
    constexpr default_delete() noexcept = default;
    template <class U> default_delete(const default_delete<U>&) noexcept;
    void operator()(T*) const;
  };
  template <class T>
  struct default_delete<T[]> {
    constexpr default_delete() noexcept = default;
    template <class U> default_delete(const default_delete<U[]>&) noexcept;
    template <class U> void operator()(U* ptr) const;
  };
}

Class template std::unique_ptr

namespace std {
  template <class T, class D = default_delete<T>>
  class unique_ptr {
  public:
    using pointer = /*see definition*/ ;
    using element_type = T;
    using deleter_type = D;
    // constructors
    constexpr unique_ptr() noexcept;
    explicit unique_ptr(pointer p) noexcept;
    unique_ptr(pointer p, /*see definition*/ d1) noexcept;
    unique_ptr(pointer p, /*see definition*/ d2) noexcept;
    unique_ptr(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept;
    constexpr unique_ptr(nullptr_t) noexcept : unique_ptr() { }
    template <class U, class E>
    unique_ptr(unique_ptr<U, E>&& u) noexcept;
    // destructor
    ~unique_ptr();
    // assignment
    unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept;
    template <class U, class E> unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<U, E>&& u) noexcept;
    unique_ptr& operator=(nullptr_t) noexcept;
    // observers
    add_lvalue_reference_t<T> operator*() const;
    pointer operator->() const noexcept;
    pointer get() const noexcept;
    deleter_type& get_deleter() noexcept;
    const deleter_type& get_deleter() const noexcept;
    explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
    // modifiers
    pointer release() noexcept;
    void reset(pointer p = pointer()) noexcept;
    void swap(unique_ptr& u) noexcept;
    // disable copy from lvalue
    unique_ptr(const unique_ptr&) = delete;
    unique_ptr& operator=(const unique_ptr&) = delete;
  };
 
  template <class T, class D>
  class unique_ptr<T[], D> {
  public:
    using pointer = /*see definition*/ ;
    using element_type = T;
    using deleter_type = D;
    // constructors
    constexpr unique_ptr() noexcept;
    template <class U> explicit unique_ptr(U p) noexcept;
    template <class U> unique_ptr(U p, /*see definition*/d) noexcept;
    template <class U> unique_ptr(U p, /*see definition*/d) noexcept;
    unique_ptr(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept;
    template <class U, class E>
    unique_ptr(unique_ptr<U, E>&& u) noexcept;
    constexpr unique_ptr(nullptr_t) noexcept : unique_ptr() { }
    // destructor
    ~unique_ptr();
    // assignment
    unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept;
    template <class U, class E>
    unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<U, E>&& u) noexcept;
    unique_ptr& operator=(nullptr_t) noexcept;
    // observers
    T& operator[](size_t i) const;
    pointer get() const noexcept;
    deleter_type& get_deleter() noexcept;
    const deleter_type& get_deleter() const noexcept;
    explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
    // modifiers
    pointer release() noexcept;
    template <class U> void reset(U p) noexcept;
    void reset(nullptr_t = nullptr) noexcept;
    void swap(unique_ptr& u) noexcept;
    // disable copy from lvalue
    unique_ptr(const unique_ptr&) = delete;
    unique_ptr& operator=(const unique_ptr&) = delete;
  };
}

Class std::bad_weak_ptr

namespace std {
  class bad_weak_ptr : public exception {
  public:
    bad_weak_ptr() noexcept;
  };
}

Class template std::shared_ptr

namespace std {
  template<class T>
  class shared_ptr {
  public:
    using element_type = remove_extent_t<T>;
    using weak_type = weak_ptr<T>;
    // constructors
    constexpr shared_ptr() noexcept;
    template<class Y> explicit shared_ptr(Y* p);
    template<class Y, class D> shared_ptr(Y* p, D d);
    template<class Y, class D, class A> shared_ptr(Y* p, D d, A a);
    template <class D> shared_ptr(nullptr_t p, D d);
    template <class D, class A> shared_ptr(nullptr_t p, D d, A a);
    template<class Y> shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<Y>& r, element_type* p) noexcept;
    shared_ptr(const shared_ptr& r) noexcept;
    template<class Y> shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept;
    shared_ptr(shared_ptr&& r) noexcept;
    template<class Y> shared_ptr(shared_ptr<Y>&& r) noexcept;
    template<class Y> explicit shared_ptr(const weak_ptr<Y>& r);
    template <class Y, class D> shared_ptr(unique_ptr<Y, D>&& r);
    constexpr shared_ptr(nullptr_t) noexcept : shared_ptr() { }
    // destructor
    ~shared_ptr();
    // assignment
    shared_ptr& operator=(const shared_ptr& r) noexcept;
    template<class Y> shared_ptr& operator=(const shared_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept;
    shared_ptr& operator=(shared_ptr&& r) noexcept;
    template<class Y> shared_ptr& operator=(shared_ptr<Y>&& r) noexcept;
    template <class Y, class D> shared_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<Y, D>&& r);
    // modifiers
    void swap(shared_ptr& r) noexcept;
    void reset() noexcept;
    template<class Y> void reset(Y* p);
    template<class Y, class D> void reset(Y* p, D d);
    template<class Y, class D, class A> void reset(Y* p, D d, A a);
    // observers
    element_type* get() const noexcept;
    T& operator*() const noexcept;
    T* operator->() const noexcept;
    element_type& operator[](ptrdiff_t i) const;
    long use_count() const noexcept;
    explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
    template<class U> bool owner_before(const shared_ptr<U>& b) const;
    template<class U> bool owner_before(const weak_ptr<U>& b) const;
  };
}

Class template std::weak_ptr

namespace std {
  template<class T>
  class weak_ptr {
  public:
    using element_type = T;
    // constructors
    constexpr weak_ptr() noexcept;
    template<class Y> weak_ptr(const shared_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept;
    weak_ptr(const weak_ptr& r) noexcept;
    template<class Y> weak_ptr(const weak_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept;
    weak_ptr(weak_ptr&& r) noexcept;
    template<class Y> weak_ptr(weak_ptr<Y>&& r) noexcept;
    // destructor
    ~weak_ptr();
    // assignment
    weak_ptr& operator=(const weak_ptr& r) noexcept;
    template<class Y> weak_ptr& operator=(const weak_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept;
    template<class Y> weak_ptr& operator=(const shared_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept;
    weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr&& r) noexcept;
    template<class Y> weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr<Y>&& r) noexcept;
    // modifiers
    void swap(weak_ptr& r) noexcept;
    void reset() noexcept;
    // observers
    long use_count() const noexcept;
    bool expired() const noexcept;
    shared_ptr<T> lock() const noexcept;
    template<class U> bool owner_before(const shared_ptr<U>& b) const;
    template<class U> bool owner_before(const weak_ptr<U>& b) const;
  };
}

Class template std::owner_less

namespace std {
  template<class T = void> struct owner_less;
  template<class T> struct owner_less<shared_ptr<T>> {
    bool operator()(const shared_ptr<T>&, const shared_ptr<T>&) const;
    bool operator()(const shared_ptr<T>&, const weak_ptr<T>&) const;
    bool operator()(const weak_ptr<T>&, const shared_ptr<T>&) const;
  };
  template<class T> struct owner_less<weak_ptr<T>> {
    bool operator()(const weak_ptr<T>&, const weak_ptr<T>&) const;
    bool operator()(const shared_ptr<T>&, const weak_ptr<T>&) const;
    bool operator()(const weak_ptr<T>&, const shared_ptr<T>&) const;
  };
  template<> struct owner_less<void> {
    template<class T, class U>
    bool operator()(const shared_ptr<T>&, const shared_ptr<U>&) const;
    template<class T, class U>
    bool operator()(const shared_ptr<T>&, const weak_ptr<U>&) const;
    template<class T, class U>
    bool operator()(const weak_ptr<T>&, const shared_ptr<U>&) const;
    template<class T, class U>
    bool operator()(const weak_ptr<T>&, const weak_ptr<U>&) const;
    using is_transparent = /*unspecified*/ ;
  };
}

Class template std::enable_shared_from_this

namespace std {
  template<class T> class enable_shared_from_this {
  protected:
    constexpr enable_shared_from_this() noexcept;
    enable_shared_from_this(const enable_shared_from_this&) noexcept;
    enable_shared_from_this& operator=(const enable_shared_from_this&) noexcept;
    ~enable_shared_from_this();
  public:
    shared_ptr<T> shared_from_this();
    shared_ptr<T const> shared_from_this() const;
    weak_ptr<T> weak_from_this() noexcept;
    weak_ptr<T const> weak_from_this() const noexcept;
  private:
    mutable weak_ptr<T> weak_this; // exposition only
  };
}