static_cast conversion
From cppreference.com
Converts between types using a combination of implicit and user-defined conversions.
Syntax
static_cast < new_type > ( expression )
|
|||||||||
Returns a value of type new_type.
Explanation
Only the following conversions can be done with static_cast, except when such conversions would cast away constness or volatility.
1) If there is an implicit conversion sequence from expression to new_type, or if overload resolution for a direct initialization of an object or reference of type new_type from expression would find at least one viable function, then static_cast<new_type>(expression) returns the imaginary variable
Temp initialized as if by new_type Temp(expression);, which may involve implicit conversions, a call to the constructor of new_type or a call to a user-defined conversion operator. For non-reference new_type, the result object of the static_cast prvalue expression is what's direct-initialized (since C++17)2) If new_type is a pointer or reference to some class
D and the type of expression is a pointer or reference to its non-virtual base B, static_cast performs a downcast. This downcast is ill-formed if B is ambiguous, inaccessible, or virtual base (or a base of a virtual base) of D. Such static_cast makes no runtime checks to ensure that the object's runtime type is actually D, and may only be used safely if this precondition is guaranteed by other means, such as when implementing static polymorphism. Safe downcast may be done with dynamic_cast.|
3) If new_type is an rvalue reference type, static_cast converts the value of glvalue, class prvalue, or array prvalue (until C++17)any lvalue (since C++17) expression to xvalue referring to the same object as the expression, or to its base sub-object (depending on new_type). If the target type is an inaccessible or ambiguous base of the type of the expression, the program is ill-formed. If the expression is a bit field lvalue, it is first converted to prvalue of the underlying type. This type of static_cast is used to implement move semantics in std::move.
|
(since C++11) |
4) If new_type is the type void (possibly cv-qualified),
static_cast discards the value of expression after evaluating it.5) If a standard conversion sequence from new_type to the type of expression exists, that does not include lvalue-to-rvalue, array-to-pointer, function-to-pointer, null pointer, null member pointer, function pointer, (since C++17) or boolean conversion, then
static_cast can perform the inverse of that implicit conversion.6) If conversion of expression to new_type involves lvalue-to-rvalue, array-to-pointer, or function-to-pointer conversion, it can be performed explicitly by
static_cast.7) Scoped enumeration(C++11) type can be converted to an integer or floating-point type.
|
When the target type is cv bool, the result is false if the original value is zero and true for all other values. For the remaining integral types, the result is the value of the enum if it can be represented by the target type and unspecified otherwise |
(until C++20) |
|
The result is the same as implicit conversion from the enum's underlying type to the destination type. |
(since C++20) |
8) A value of integer or enumeration type can be converted to any complete enumeration type.
- If the underlying type is not fixed, the result is unspecified (until C++17)undefined behavior (since C++17) if the value of expression is out of range (the range is all values possible for the smallest bit field large enough to hold all enumerators of the target enumeration).
- If the underlying type is fixed, the result is the same as the converting the original value first to the underlying type of the enumeration and then to the enumeration type.
A value of a floating-point type can also be converted to any complete enumeration type.
- The result is the same as converting the original value first to the underlying type of the enumeration, and then to the enumeration type.
9) A pointer to member of some class
D can be upcast to a pointer to member of its unambiguous, accessible base class B. This static_cast makes no checks to ensure the member actually exists in the runtime type of the pointed-to object.10) A prvalue of type pointer to void (possibly cv-qualified) can be converted to pointer to any object type. If the original pointer value represents an address of a byte in memory that does not satisfy the alignment requirement of the target type, then the resulting pointer value is unspecified. Otherwise, if the original pointer value points to an object a, and there is an object b of the target type (ignoring cv-qualification) that is pointer-interconvertible (as defined below) with a, the result is a pointer to b. Otherwise the pointer value is unchanged. Conversion of any pointer to pointer to void and back to pointer to the original (or more cv-qualified) type preserves its original value.
As with all cast expressions, the result is:
- an lvalue if new_type is an lvalue reference type or an rvalue reference to function type;
- an xvalue if new_type is an rvalue reference to object type;
- a prvalue otherwise.
Two objects a and b are pointer-interconvertible if:
- they are the same object, or
- one is a union object and the other is a non-static data member of that object, or
- one is a standard-layout class object and the other is the first non-static data member of that object, or, if the object has no non-static data members, any base class subobject of that object, or
- there exists an object c such that a and c are pointer-interconvertible, and c and b are pointer-interconvertible.
union U { int a; double b; } u; void* x = &u; // x's value is "pointer to u" double* y = static_cast<double*>(x); // y's value is "pointer to u.b" char* z = static_cast<char*>(x); // z's value is "pointer to u"
Notes
static_cast may also be used to disambiguate function overloads by performing a function-to-pointer conversion to specific type, as in std::transform(s.begin(), s.end(), s.begin(), static_cast<int(*)(int)>(std::toupper));
Keywords
Example
Run this code
#include <vector> #include <iostream> struct B { int m = 0; void hello() const { std::cout << "Hello world, this is B!\n"; } }; struct D : B { void hello() const { std::cout << "Hello world, this is D!\n"; } }; enum class E { ONE = 1, TWO, THREE }; enum EU { ONE = 1, TWO, THREE }; int main() { // 1: initializing conversion int n = static_cast<int>(3.14); std::cout << "n = " << n << '\n'; std::vector<int> v = static_cast<std::vector<int>>(10); std::cout << "v.size() = " << v.size() << '\n'; // 2: static downcast D d; B& br = d; // upcast via implicit conversion br.hello(); D& another_d = static_cast<D&>(br); // downcast another_d.hello(); // 3: lvalue to xvalue std::vector<int> v2 = static_cast<std::vector<int>&&>(v); std::cout << "after move, v.size() = " << v.size() << '\n'; // 4: discarded-value expression static_cast<void>(v2.size()); // 5. inverse of implicit conversion void* nv = &n; int* ni = static_cast<int*>(nv); std::cout << "*ni = " << *ni << '\n'; // 6. array-to-pointer followed by upcast D a[10]; B* dp = static_cast<B*>(a); // 7. scoped enum to int or float E e = E::ONE; int one = static_cast<int>(e); std::cout << one << '\n'; // 8. int to enum, enum to another enum E e2 = static_cast<E>(one); EU eu = static_cast<EU>(e2); // 9. pointer to member upcast int D::*pm = &D::m; std::cout << br.*static_cast<int B::*>(pm) << '\n'; // 10. void* to any type void* voidp = &e; std::vector<int>* p = static_cast<std::vector<int>*>(voidp); }
Output:
n = 3 v.size() = 10 Hello world, this is B! Hello world, this is D! after move, v.size() = 0 *ni = 3 1 0