Index classes ease creating database indexes. They can be added using the
Meta.indexes option. This document
explains the API references of Index which includes the index
options.
Referencing built-in indexes
Indexes are defined in django.db.models.indexes, but for convenience
they’re imported into django.db.models. The standard convention is
to use from django.db import models and refer to the indexes as
models.<IndexClass>.
Index options¶Index(fields=(), name=None, db_tablespace=None, opclasses=(), condition=None)¶Creates an index (B-Tree) in the database.
fields¶Index.fields¶A list or tuple of the name of the fields on which the index is desired.
By default, indexes are created with an ascending order for each column. To define an index with a descending order for a column, add a hyphen before the field’s name.
For example Index(fields=['headline', '-pub_date']) would create SQL with
(headline, pub_date DESC). Index ordering isn’t supported on MySQL. In that
case, a descending index is created as a normal index.
name¶Index.name¶The name of the index. If name isn’t provided Django will auto-generate a
name. For compatibility with different databases, index names cannot be longer
than 30 characters and shouldn’t start with a number (0-9) or underscore (_).
Partial indexes in abstract base classes
You must always specify a unique name for an index. As such, you
cannot normally specify a partial index on an abstract base class, since
the Meta.indexes option is
inherited by subclasses, with exactly the same values for the attributes
(including name) each time. To work around name collisions, part of the
name may contain '%(app_label)s' and '%(class)s', which are
replaced, respectively, by the lowercased app label and class name of the
concrete model. For example Index(fields=['title'],
name='%(app_label)s_%(class)s_title_index').
Interpolation of '%(app_label)s' and '%(class)s' was added.
db_tablespace¶Index.db_tablespace¶The name of the database tablespace to use for
this index. For single field indexes, if db_tablespace isn’t provided, the
index is created in the db_tablespace of the field.
If Field.db_tablespace isn’t specified (or if the index uses multiple
fields), the index is created in tablespace specified in the
db_tablespace option inside the model’s
class Meta. If neither of those tablespaces are set, the index is created
in the same tablespace as the table.
See also
For a list of PostgreSQL-specific indexes, see
django.contrib.postgres.indexes.
opclasses¶Index.opclasses¶The names of the PostgreSQL operator classes to use for this index. If you require a custom operator class, you must provide one for each field in the index.
For example, GinIndex(name='json_index', fields=['jsonfield'],
opclasses=['jsonb_path_ops']) creates a gin index on jsonfield using
jsonb_path_ops.
opclasses are ignored for databases besides PostgreSQL.
Index.name is required when using opclasses.
condition¶Index.condition¶If the table is very large and your queries mostly target a subset of rows,
it may be useful to restrict an index to that subset. Specify a condition as a
Q. For example, condition=Q(pages__gt=400)
indexes records with more than 400 pages.
Index.name is required when using condition.
Restrictions on PostgreSQL
PostgreSQL requires functions referenced in the condition to be marked as
IMMUTABLE. Django doesn’t validate this but PostgreSQL will error. This
means that functions such as Date functions and
Concat aren’t accepted. If you store
dates in DateTimeField, comparison to
datetime objects may require the tzinfo argument
to be provided because otherwise the comparison could result in a mutable
function due to the casting Django does for lookups.
Restrictions on SQLite
SQLite imposes restrictions on how a partial index can be constructed.
Oracle
Oracle does not support partial indexes. Instead, partial indexes can be
emulated using functional indexes. Use a migration to add the index using RunSQL.
MySQL and MariaDB
The condition argument is ignored with MySQL and MariaDB as neither
supports conditional indexes.
Dec 20, 2019