Template parameters and template arguments

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Every template is parametrized by one or more template parameters, indicated in the parameter-list of the template declaration syntax:

template < parameter-list > declaration (1)

Each parameter in parameter-list may be:

  • a non-type template parameter;
  • a type template parameter;
  • a template template parameter.

Non-type template parameter

type name(optional) (1)
type name(optional) = default (2)
type ... name(optional) (3) (since C++11)
placeholder name (4) (since C++17)
1) A non-type template parameter with an optional name.
2) A non-type template parameter with an optional name and a default value.
3) A non-type template parameter pack with an optional name.
4) A non-type template parameter with a placeholder type. placeholder may be any type that includes the placeholder auto (such as plain auto, auto ** or auto &), a placeholder for a deduced class type (since C++20), or decltype(auto).

type is one of the following types (optionally cv-qualified, the qualifiers are ignored):

(until C++20)
  • a type that
This includes integral types, pointer types, pointer to member type, std::nullptr_t, as well as enumeration types with no custom operator<=> overload.

A type has strong structural equality if, for a glvalue x of type const T, x <=> x is a valid expression of type std::strong_ordering or std::strong_equality, and either that expression does not invoke a three-way comparison operator function, or it invokes a structural comparison operator.

A structural comparison operator for a class C is a three-way comparison operator function that is defined as defaulted within the definition of C and does not invoke any three-way comparison operator functions that are not structural comparison operators.

(since C++20)

Array and function types may be written in a template declaration, but they are automatically replaced by pointer to object and pointer to function as appropriate.

When the name of a non-type template parameter is used in an expression within the body of the class template, it is an unmodifiable prvalue unless its type was an lvalue reference type, or unless its type is a class type (since C++20).

A template parameter of the form class Foo is not an unnamed non-type template parameter of type Foo, even if otherwise class Foo is an elaborated type specifier and class Foo x; declares x to be of type Foo.

The type of a non-type template parameter may be deduced if it includes a placeholder type (auto, a placeholder for a deduced class type (since C++20), or decltype(auto)). The deduction is performed as if by deducing the type of the variable x in the invented declaration T x = template-argument;, where T is the declared type of the template parameter. If the deduced type is not permitted for a non-type template parameter, the program is ill-formed. 

template<auto n> struct B { /* ... */ };
B<5> b1;   // OK: non-type template parameter type is int
B<'a'> b2; // OK: non-type template parameter type is char
B<2.5> b3; // error: non-type template parameter type cannot be double

For non-type template parameter packs whose type uses a placeholder type, the type is independently deduced for each template argument and need not match: 

template<auto...> struct C {};
C<'C', 0, 2L, nullptr> x; // OK
 (since C++17)

An identifier that names a non-type template parameter of class type T denotes a static storage duration object of type const T, called a template parameter object, whose value is that of the corresponding template argument after it has been converted to the type of the template parameter. All such template parameters in the program of the same type with the same value denote the same template parameter object. 

struct A { friend auto operator<=>(const A&, const A&) = default; };
template<A a> void f() {
    &a; // OK
    const A& ra = a, &rb = a; // Both bound to the same template parameter object
    assert(&ra == &rb); // passes
}
 (since C++20)

Type template parameter

type-parameter-key name(optional) (1)
type-parameter-key name(optional) = default (2)
type-parameter-key ... name(optional) (3) (since C++11)

type-parameter-key is either typename or class. There is no difference between these keywords in a type template parameter declaration.

1) A type template parameter without a default. 
template<class T>
class My_vector { /* ... */ };
2) A type template parameter with a default. 
template<class T = void>
struct My_op_functor { /* ... */ };
3) A type template parameter pack. 
template<typename... Ts>
class My_tuple { /* ... */ };

The name of the parameter is optional: 

// Declarations of the templates shown above:
template<class> class My_vector;
template<class = void> struct My_op_functor;
template<typename...> class My_tuple;

In the body of the template declaration, the name of a type parameter is a typedef-name which aliases the type supplied when the template is instantiated.

Template template parameter

template < parameter-list > typename(C++17)|class name(optional) (1)
template < parameter-list > typename(C++17)|class name(optional) = default (2)
template < parameter-list > typename(C++17)|class ... name(optional) (3) (since C++11)
1) A template template parameter with an optional name.
2) A template template parameter with an optional name and a default.
3) A template template parameter pack with an optional name.

Unlike type template parameter declaration, template template parameter declaration can only use the keyword class and not typename.

(until C++17)

In the body of the template declaration, the name of this parameter is a template-name (and needs arguments to be instantiated). 

template<typename T> class my_array {};
 
// two type template parameters and one template template parameter:
template<typename K, typename V, template<typename> typename C = my_array>
class Map
{
    C<K> key;
    C<V> value;
};

Constrained template parameter

Any template parameter may be constrained if the following syntax is used:

qualified-concept-name name(optional) (1)
qualified-concept-name name(optional) = default (2)
qualified-concept-name ... name(optional) (3)
1) A template parameter constrained by a concept, with an optional name
2) A template parameter constrained by a concept, with an optional name and a default
3) A template parameter pack constrained by a concept
qualified-concept-name - either the name of a concept or the name of a concept followed by a list of template arguments (in angle brackets). Either way, the concept name may be optionally qualified

Each constrained template parameter declares a template parameter whose kind (type, non-type, template) and type match that of the prototype parameter of the concept designated by the qualified-concept-name. The default, if present, must match the declared template parameter. 

template<typename T> concept C1 = true;
template<template<typename> class X> concept C2 = true;
template<int N> concept C3 = true;
template<typename... Ts> concept C4 = true;
template<char... Cs> concept C5 = true;
 
template<C1 T> void f1();     // OK: T is a type template-parameter
template<C2 X> void f2();     // OK: X is a template with one type-parameter
template<C3 N> void f3();     // OK: N has type int
template<C4... Ts> void f4(); // OK: Ts is a template parameter pack of types
template<C4 T> void f5();     // OK: T is a type template-parameter
template<C5... Cs> void f6(); // OK: Cs is a template parameter pack of chars
 
template<C1 T = int> struct S1; // OK
template<typename T> struct S0;
template<C2 X = S0> struct S3;  // OK
template<C3 N = 0> struct S2;   // OK
template<C1 T = 0> struct S4;   // error: default argument is not a type

Each constrained parameter P whose qualified-concept-name is Q designating the concept C introduces a constraint-expression E according to the following rules:

  • if Q is C (without an argument list),
  • if P is not a parameter pack, E is simply C<P>
  • if P is a parameter pack and C is variadic, E is C<P...>
  • if P is a parameter pack and C is not variadic, E is a fold-expression (C<P> && ...)
  • if Q is C<A1,A2...,AN>, then E is C<P,A1,A2,...AN> or C<P...,A1,A2,...AN> or C<P,A1,A2,...AN> && ..., respectively. 
template<typename T> concept C1 = true;
template<typename... Ts> concept C2 = true; // variadic concept
template<typename T, typename U> concept C3 = true;
 
template<C1 T> struct s1;      // constraint-expression is C1<T>
template<C1... T> struct s2;   // constraint-expression is (C1<T> && ...)
template<C2... T> struct s3;   // constraint-expression is C2<T...>
template<C3<int> T> struct s4; // constraint-expression is C3<T, int>
 (since C++20)

Template arguments

In order for a template to be instantiated, every template parameter (type, non-type, or template) must be replaced by a corresponding template argument. For class templates, the arguments are either explicitly provided, deduced from the initializer, (since C++17) or defaulted. For function templates, the arguments are explicitly provided, deduced from the context, or defaulted.

If an argument can be interpreted as a both a type-id and an expression, it is always interpreted as a type-id, even if the corresponding template parameter is non-type: 

template<class T> void f(); // #1
template<int I> void f(); // #2
void g() {
    f<int()>(); // "int()" is both a type and an expression,
                // calls #1 because it is interpreted as a type
}

Template non-type arguments

The following limitations apply when instantiating templates that have non-type template parameters:

  • For integral and arithmetic types, the template argument provided during instantiation must be a converted constant expression of the template parameter's type (so certain implicit conversion applies).
  • For pointers to objects, the template arguments have to designate the address of a complete object with static storage duration and a linkage (either internal or external), or a constant expression that evaluates to the appropriate null pointer or std::nullptr_t value.
  • For pointers to functions, the valid arguments are pointers to functions with linkage (or constant expressions that evaluate to null pointer values).
  • For lvalue reference parameters, the argument provided at instantiation cannot be a temporary, an unnamed lvalue, or a named lvalue with no linkage (in other words, the argument must have linkage).
  • For pointers to members, the argument has to be a pointer to member expressed as &Class::Member or a constant expression that evaluates to null pointer or std::nullptr_t value.

In particular, this implies that string literals, addresses of array elements, and addresses of non-static members cannot be used as template arguments to instantiate templates whose corresponding non-type template parameters are pointers to objects.

(until C++17)

The template argument that can be used with a non-type template parameter can be any converted constant expression of the type of the template parameter. 

template<const int* pci> struct X {};
int ai[10];
X<ai> xi;  // ok: array to pointer conversion and cv-qualification conversion
 
struct Y {};
template<const Y& b> struct Z {};
Y y;
Z<y> z;  // ok: no conversion
 
template<int (&pa)[5]> struct W {};
int b[5];
W<b> w; // ok: no conversion
 
void f(char);
void f(int);
template<void (*pf)(int)> struct A {};
A<&f> a; // ok: overload resolution selects f(int)

The only exceptions are that non-type template parameters of reference or pointer type and non-static data members of reference or pointer type in a non-type template parameter of class type and its subobjects (since C++20) cannot refer to/be the address of

  • a subobject (including non-static class member, base subobject, or array element);
  • a temporary object (including one created during reference initialization);
  • a string literal;
  • the result of typeid;
  • or the predefined variable __func__. 
template<class T, const char* p> class X {};
X<int, "Studebaker"> x1; // error: string literal as template-argument
 
template<int* p> class X {};
int a[10];
struct S
{
    int m;
    static int s;
} s;
X<&a[2]> x3;  // error: address of array element
X<&s.m> x4;   // error: address of non-static member
X<&s.s> x5;   // ok: address of static member
X<&S::s> x6;  // ok: address of static member
 
template<const int& CRI> struct B {};
B<1> b2;     // error: temporary would be required for template argument
int c = 1;
B<c> b1;     // ok
 (since C++17)

Template type arguments

A template argument for a type template parameter must be a type-id, which may name an incomplete type: 

template<typename T> class X {}; // class template
 
struct A; // incomplete type
typedef struct {} B; // type alias to an unnamed type
 
int main()
{
    X<A> x1; // ok: 'A' names a type
    X<A*> x2; // ok: 'A*' names a type
    X<B> x3; // ok: 'B' names a type
}

Template template arguments

A template argument for a template template parameter must be an id-expression which names a class template or a template alias.

When the argument is a class template, only the primary template is considered when matching the parameter. The partial specializations, if any, are only considered when a specialization based on this template template parameter happens to be instantiated. 

template<typename T> class A { int x; }; // primary template
template<class T> class A<T*> { long x; }; // partial specialization
 
// class template with a template template parameter V
template<template<typename> class V> class C
{
    V<int> y; // uses the primary template
    V<int*> z; // uses the partial specialization
};
 
C<A> c; // c.y.x has type int, c.z.x has type long

To match a template template argument A to a template template parameter P, each of the template parameters of A must match corresponding template parameters of P exactly (until C++17) P must be at least as specialized as A (since C++17). If P's parameter list includes a parameter pack, zero or more template parameters (or parameter packs) from A's template parameter list are matched by it. 

template<typename T> struct eval; // primary template 
 
template<template<typename, typename...> class TT, typename T1, typename... Rest>
struct eval<TT<T1, Rest...>> {}; // partial specialization of eval
 
template<typename T1> struct A;
template<typename T1, typename T2> struct B;
template<int N> struct C;
template<typename T1, int N> struct D;
template<typename T1, typename T2, int N = 17> struct E;
 
eval<A<int>> eA; // ok: matches partial specialization of eval
eval<B<int, float>> eB; // ok: matches partial specialization of eval
eval<C<17>> eC; // error: C does not match TT in partial specialization because
                // TT's first parameter is a type template parameter,
                // while 17 does not name a type
eval<D<int, 17>> eD; // error: D does not match TT in partial specialization
                     // because TT's second parameter is a type parameter pack,
                     // while 17 does not name a type
eval<E<int, float>> eE; // error: E does not match TT in partial specialization
                        // because E's third (default) parameter is a non-type
template<class T> class A { /* ... */ };
template<class T, class U = T> class B { /* ... */ };
template <class ...Types> class C { /* ... */ };
 
template<template<class> class P> class X { /* ... */ };
X<A> xa; // OK
X<B> xb; // OK in C++17 after CWG 150
         // Error earlier: not an exact match
X<C> xc; // OK in C++17 after CWG 150
         // Error earlier: not an exact match
 
template<template<class ...> class Q> class Y { /* ... */ };
Y<A> ya; // OK
Y<B> yb; // OK
Y<C> yc; // OK
 
template<auto n> class D { /* ... */ }; // note: C++17
template<template<int> class R> class Z { /* ... */ };
Z<D> zd; // OK
 
template <int> struct SI { /* ... */ };
template <template <auto> class> void FA();  // note: C++17
FA<SI>();  // Error

Formally, a template template-parameter P is at least as specialized as a template template argument A if, given the following rewrite to two function templates, the function template corresponding to P is at least as specialized as the function template corresponding to A according to the partial ordering rules for function templates. Given an invented class template X with the template parameter list of A (including default arguments):

  • Each of the two function templates has the same template parameters, respectively, as P or A.
  • Each function template has a single function parameter whose type is a specialization of X with template arguments corresponding to the template parameters from the respective function template where, for each template parameter PP in the template parameter list of the function template, a corresponding template argument AA is formed. If PP declares a parameter pack, then AA is the pack expansion PP...; otherwise, AA is the id-expression PP.

If the rewrite produces an invalid type, then P is not at least as specialized as A.

(since C++17)

Default template arguments

Default template arguments are specified in the parameter lists after the = sign. Defaults can be specified for any kind of template parameter (type, non-type, or template), but not to parameter packs.

If the default is specified for a template parameter of a primary class template , primary variable template, (since C++14)or alias template, each subsequent template parameter must have a default argument, except the very last one may be a template parameter pack. In a function template, a parameter pack may be followed by more type parameters only if they have defaults or can be deduced from the function arguments.

Default parameters are not allowed

(until C++11)

On a friend function template declaration, default template arguments are allowed only if the declaration is a definition, and no other declarations of this function appear in this translation unit.

(since C++11)

Default template arguments that appear in the declarations and the definition are merged similarly to default function arguments: 

template<typename T1, typename T2 = int> class A;
template<typename T1 = int, typename T2> class A;
// the above is the same as the following:
template<typename T1 = int, typename T2 = int> class A;

But the same parameter cannot be given default arguments twice in the same scope 

template<typename T = int> class X;
template<typename T = int> class X {}; // error

The template parameter lists of template template parameters can have their own default arguments, which are only in effect where the template template parameter itself is in scope: 

// class template, with a type template parameter with a default
template<typename T = float> struct B {};
 
// template template parameter T has a parameter list, which 
// consists of one type template parameter with a default
template<template<typename = float> typename T> struct A
{
    void f();
    void g();
};
 
// out-of-body member function template definitions
template<template<typename TT> class T>
void A<T>::f()
{
    T<> t; // error: TT has no default in scope
}
template<template<typename TT = char> class T>
void A<T>::g()
{
    T<> t; // ok: t is T<char>
}

Member access for the names used in a default template parameter is checked at the declaration, not at the point of use: 

class B {};
 
template<typename T> class C
{
    protected:
        typedef T TT;
};
 
template<typename U, typename V = typename U::TT> class D: public U {};
 
D<C<B>>* d; // error: C::TT is protected

The default template argument is implicitly instantiated when the value of that default argument is needed, except if the template is used to name a function: 

template<typename T, typename U = int> struct S { };
S<bool>* p; // The default argument for U is instantiated at this point
            // the type of p is S<bool, int>*
 (since C++14)

Examples

Non-type template parameters

Run this code
#include <iostream>
 
// simple non-type template parameter
template<int N>
struct S { int a[N]; };
 
template<const char*>
struct S2 {};
 
// complicated non-type example
template
<
    char c, // integral type
    int (&ra)[5], // lvalue reference to object (of array type)
    int (*pf)(int), // pointer to function
    int (S<10>::*a)[10] // pointer to member object (of type int[10])
> struct Complicated
{
    // calls the function selected at compile time
    // and stores the result in the array selected at compile time
    void foo(char base)
    {
        ra[4] = pf(c - base);
    }
};
 
S2<"fail"> s2; // error: string literal cannot be used
char okay[] = "okay"; // static object with linkage
S2< &okay[0] > s2; // error: array element has no linkage
S2<okay> s2; // works
 
int a[5];
int f(int n) { return n; }
 
int main()
{
    S<10> s; // s.a is an array of 10 int
    s.a[9] = 4;
 
    Complicated<'2', a, f, &S<10>::a> c;
    c.foo('0');
 
    std::cout << s.a[9] << a[4] << '\n';
}

Output: 

42
This section is incomplete
Reason: more examples
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